1. 1.0 What is Science?

2. Day 2 Warm up
In your notebooks, write a paragraph telling me what you think science is. What science classes have you taken? Tell which was your favorite and why.

3. What is Science
Science is a continuous stream of ideas that are constantly being reshaped, added to, subtracted from and built upon.
Science is always evolving and changing!
Science is about predictability! It gives us the ability to predict certain things about the world around us.

4. How to Think Like a Scientist
Be Curious- look around and ask questions.
Be Skeptical- Don’t always believe the first thing you hear or read.
Be Flexible- Even if you have found one explanation, look for another one.
These three brain exercises add up to what is called Critical Thinking

5. How to Act Like a Scientist
The Scientific Method
Observation- Careful watching of something around us.
Hypothesis- An educated guess explaining what you are observing or how to change what you are observing.
Experiment- Testing your hypothesis by designing and carrying out an experiment.

6. How to Act Like a Scientist
Conclusion- A judgment made on the basis of your experiment as to whether your hypothesis is right or wrong.
It will usually fall into 2 categories
1. Correlation-Two things that tend to happen together.
2. Cause-Effect- One thing or event causes the other to happen.

7. Why Bother?
Throughout history, it has always benefited animals to be able to predict things around them.
Science is just a way of making predictions.
Predictions allow us to make decisions about our future.
Example- If a deer smells a wolf, it can predict danger.
Brainstorm- What are something’s you predict around you?

8. Processing
Videos
What is a scientist?
On Becoming a Scientist

9. Processing Activity How Observant Are You? Processing Questions 1
Processing Questions 1- What is Science?- Day 2
What is Science?
How can you think like a scientist?
What are the three steps to the scientific method?
What is Correlation?
What is cause and effect?

10. 1.01 Types of Biomedical Research
Biomedical Technology I

11. Day 3 Warm up http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmErnfmcn-Y

12. Purpose of Biomedical Research
It involves the work done by
scientists from many fields to
improve the health and well being
of humans and animals.

13. Biomedical Research Examples
Public health research, including epidemiology
Preventive medicine and behavioral health
Cancer research Aging research
Endocrinology, including neuroendocrinology and diabetes research
Cellular biology; molecular biology
Pharmacology, including psychopharmacology
Neuroscience
Genetics
Virology 
Premature births, including birth defects
Orthopedic research, including spinal injuries

14. Types of Research
Basic Research
Applied Research
Clinical Research

15. Basic Biomedical Research
Not directed toward solving any particular problem
Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge and understanding of the physical, chemical and functional mechanisms of life processes and disease
When you write a research paper it is considered Basic Research.
Building blocks for other types of research

16. Basic Biomedical Research
Seeks to answer questions not necessarily focused on any specific disease or disorder
Example- if a new disease emerges in Africa and the CDC begins researching it here in the U.S., that is considered basic research.
Seeks to explain how processes in living organisms develop and function- ex. genetic diseases

17. Applied Research Directed toward specific objectives
Ex. -Development of a new drug, treatment, or surgical procedure
Conducted with animals, non-animal methods and humans
Ex. - Computer models
It is most often conducted using animals.
Why do they use animals?

18. Applied Research Examples of applied cancer research
Synthesis of new anti-cancer drugs
Studies of human growth factors leading both to diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Production of monoclonal antibodies for potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of human cancer
Stem Cell research.

19. Clinical Research
Used when other forms of research have already taken place
This is the last stage of research
Humans are almost always used for this type of research.
Used to test potential drugs and treatments in humans
Builds on what is done in basic and applied stages

20. Clinical Research Broad variety of activities and areas of study
Human clinical trials
Psychosocial and behavioral research- Ex. Study habits of high school students.
Disease control research

21. Clinical Research
Takes place in hospital/clinical healthcare setting and directly applies to the prevention, diagnosis or treatment of a specific disease or rehabilitation of a patient
These can be advertised on TV, newspapers, radio or magazines to get potential patients to participate.

22. Processing
Types of Biomedical Research WS- get answers from notes.

23. Biomedical Research Methods
1.02
Biomedical Research Methods

24. Day 5 Warm up Diabetes-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnRYbZuU2PM
Depression-
Alzheimers-
Flu-

25. Day 5 Warm up
Review Processing Questions

26. Biomedical Research Methods 5 Types
Chemical, mechanical, mathematical and computer simulations
In vitro tests
Non-Human Models
Human studies
Epidemiological studies

27. Chemical, mechanical, mathematical and computer simulations
Biological effects of chemicals can be quantified and correlated with a chemical’s biochemical properties, composition and structure
Computers can increase the speed and efficiency of existing data.
Most useful in preliminary research stages when scientists are sorting out fundamental questions
Chemical
Developing vaccines, prescription drugs and vitamins

28. Chemical, mechanical, mathematical and computer simulations
Strengths
Models increase speed/efficiency in which data can be studied and processed
Scientists can compare characteristics of one compound with another
May reduce # of animals required for research
Limitations
Cannot replace lab testing; computers do not generate data, only process what’s been entered
Rely on existing data
Cultures can’t tell us how a substance affects a complex animal system- that’s why we need animals for testing.
Sometimes prohibitively expensive

29. In Vitro Studies Means “in glass”
Takes place in an artificial environment- Laboratory
Cells/tissues studied originally come from a living organism such as a plant, a person or another animal (bacteria, cultured animal cells, fertilized chicken eggs or frog embryos)
Use cell cultures, isolated tissues and organs extensively in early and intermediate stages of biomedical research

30. Examples of In Vitro Studies
Ames test for mutagenicity
Pregnancy tests
Critical in the study of viruses because they can only grow in living cells
Cloning
Stem Cell

31. In Vitro Studies Strengths Limitations
Allow scientists to study a single effect of a substance in isolation w/o interference from hormones, enzymes, and immune responses
Less expensive
Less time-consuming, more accurate and readily controlled
Critical to viral study
Limitations
Biochemical process leading from chemical exposure to toxic effect cannot be duplicated in vitro
Cells grown in a culture are not exposed to other functions taking place in the body
Cells do not metabolize toxins in culture the same way they do in the whole body
Difficult to maintain differentiated cells in a culture since the cells tend to become unspecialized after a short time

32. Nonhuman Animal Models
For ethical reasons, often not feasible to conduct experiemental studies of disease and its treatment on humans; thus, animal models are surrogates for humans in the lab
Although diseases and drug reactions vary between humans and animals, there are more similarities than differences

33. Nonhuman Animal Models
Animals are a vital research model because they provide a whole, complex living system that can interact and react to stimuli much as humans do.
Response to surgical technique, long-term effects of a medicine, etc.

34. Nonhuman Animal Models
Strengths
Ethical alternative to use of humans in experimental studies
Provide a whole, integrated biological system similar to humans
Can control more variables than with humans
Limitations
Not identical to humans
A whole-animal model introduces more variables than a cell or tissue culture
Research animals are also expensive to purchase, house, feed, and provide vet care
Use of animals in research is governed by an extensive, time-consuming and costly system of federal regulation

35. Examples of Nonhuman Animal Models
Mice/ Rats- < 90%
Guinea Pigs and Rabbits- > 3.3%
Dogs/Cats- > 0.5%
Primates- > 0.5%

36. Examples of Nonhuman Animal Models
Nonhuman animal models – they provide the best surrogates (replacements) in a lab setting.
Animals share the same structures as humans- (cells, tissues and organs)
Animal studies are goverened by federal regulations.

37. Processing Biomedical Research Methods WS
Flemming-
Medical Discoveries-

38. Benefits of Biomedical Research- Part 1
Biomedical Resaerch
1.03
Benefits of Biomedical Research- Part 1
Clinical Trials

39. Day 7 Warm up http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dm5ETeX8eNM

40. Human Studies Human Clinical Trials
Most often used in developing prescription drugs
Is the drug biologically active in humans?
Is the drug safe in humans?
New surgical procedures.

41. Three Phases of Clinical Trials
Phase I
Researchers determine a drug’s interaction with the human system (absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion, likely duration of its therapeutic effect
Involves a small number of healthy volunteers and takes about 2 years

42. Three Phases of Clinical Trials
Phase II
Uses controlled tests that help determine a drug’s effectiveness
Involve volunteer patients
Simultaneous animal and human tests are also conducted at this stage as researchers continue to assess the safety of the drug
Takes approximately three years

43. Three Phases of Clinical Trials
Phase III
Conducted to confirm the results of earlier efficacy tests and further identify any adverse reactions
Clinical testing is now extensive ( volunteer patient in medical clinics and hospitals)
Takes approximately 3 years.
Regulated by the FDA.

44. After clinical trials…
Firms file a New Drug Application (NDA with the FDA
Comprehensive statement of the information on drug structure, scientific rationale and purpose of the drug therapy, pre-clinical animal and other laboratory study results, all human clinical testing results, drug formulation and production details and company’s proposed labeling
Takes years to complete

45. After clinical trials…
Currently takes approximately years from inititation of animal and other lab studies through all phases of clinical trials and submission of data to the FDA for a drug to be approved.
For each new drug approved, the cost is hundreds of millions of dollars

46. Epidemiological Studies
Epidemiology – study of disease incidence and its distribution in a population; purpose is to try to determine how disease may be spread
Three general types of epidemiological studies- Experimental epidemiology, Descriptive epidemiology and Observational.

47. Experimental epidemiology
Human equivalent of animal testing; providing or witholding a substance to determine its toxic or beneficial effects.
Greatly limited by ethical and legal considerations
Difficulties involved in securing the cooperation of a large number of people

48. Descriptive epidemiology
Analyzes data on the distribution and extent of health problems or other conditions in various populations, atrying to find correlations among characteristics such as diet, air quality and occupation
Such comparisons are frequently made between countries and smaller geographic regions

49. Observational epidemiology
Uses data derived from individuals or small group
Data are evaluated statistically to determine the strength of association between a particular variable and disease
Cohort – well-characterized and homogenous group is studied over time
Case-controlled – control group is selected retrospectively based on variable thought to be relevant to the effort
Both methods rely on accurately predictly the important variables

50. Epidemiological Studies
Information gathered “after the fact”
Do no demonstrate a direct cause and effect, but instead, establish a statistically significant association between exposure to causative factors and disease ir ill-health effects

51. Epidemiological Studies
Strengths
Direct opportunity to study the effects in humans exposed to chemicals and disease-causing organisms
Useful in identifying patterns in disease or injury distribution (may be traced to causative factors)
Limitations
Considerable human exposure can take place before a toxic effect is detectable
Difficult to find a direct cause-and-effect relationship between a specific exposure and disease
Limited methodologies to measure or verify such things as prior exposure, route or extent of exposure to causative agent
Privacy must be considered
Expensive to conduct

52. Processing
Activity- You Choose the Test!
Clinical Trial Matching

53. Benefits of Biomedical Research- Part 2
1.03
Benefits of Biomedical Research- Part 2

54. Day 8 Warm up
Activity- Who Can Cure Our Mystery Disease?

55. Vaccines
Polio Vaccine- Dr. Albert Sabin developed in Made from a live polio virus that was weakened or attenuated, but not killed. Is given orally.
Eradication of diseases such as Smallpox by the World Health Organization.
Hepatitis B Vaccine- the first anti-cancer vaccine developed

56. Vaccines
Chicken Pox- Vaccine became available in 1995 to give to children 12 months or older.
Diphtheria- vaccine developed in Bacterial infection that is rare in the U.S.
Mumps- this is the next disease that is hoped to be eradicated by vaccines by the WHO.

57. Benefits of Biomedical Research
Public awareness for people who smoke about the dangers of lung cancer.
Profound impact on childhood cancers- Leukemia.
Biomedical Research on tooth decay lead to the addition of fluoride to drinking water.

58. Benefits of Biomedical Research
Continuing research of cancer- the disease that is researched the most in the world.
After decades of working with animal models, a heart-lung machine was developed in the 1950’s for open heart surgery.

59. Benefits of Biomedical Research
The discovery of penicillin the first antibiotic by Sir Alexander Flemming
1935- Invention of the electron microscope. Gave scientist to study the smallest life forms- they proved the existence of viruses.
Cyclosporine- the first drug discovered to help transplant patients with organ rejection. The most difficult organ to transplant is the liver

60. Benefits of Biomedical Research
Diabetes tx- New blood sugar monitoring equipment that use less blood used to check blood sugars.
Development of bacteria to produce human insulin for diabetics.
With the development of corneal transplants, it can now prevent the most common cause of blindness in the world, corneal disease.

61. AIDS Research continues…
Began in early 1980’s
Caused by a virus- Retrovirus
Changes the DNA in our cells to their DNA
Can be dormant for 7-10 years before you get symptoms.
HIV progresses to AIDS when immune system is impaired and individual becomes susceptible to opportunistic infection
Animals important part of AIDS research
Anti-HIV drugs available
# of possible vaccines have been developed and are being tested in humans
Common sense preventive measures bets way to prevent AIDS
NO CURE AT THE PRESENT TIME!

62. Multiple Benefits to Animal Health
Disease treatment and prevention
New surgical procedures.
Vaccines- rabies, heartworm feline leukemia
Artificial Joints for dogs with hip dysplasia
Nutrition research for pet food
ASPCA- Behavior Modification Research

63. Some of the Health Problems Share by Animals and Humans
Allergies
Anemia
Arthritis
Cancer
Cataracts
Diabetes
Heart Disease
High Blood Pressure
Influenza
Kidney Disease
Leukemia
Rabies
Tetanus
Tooth and Gum Disease
Skin Diseases

64. Processing What a Difference Biomedical Research Makes- group activity
Processing Questions- Day 8

65. Day 10 Warm up Review- Benefits of Biomedical Research
Activity- Did you or will you ever?

66. Assignment
Read the article- What a Difference Biomedical Research Makes.
Answer the questions on the worksheet.

67. Processing
Study for Exam Tomorrow!