1. Effects of ICT on society

2. Introduction
ICT has effected many aspects of society. Some of them are:
The impact on employment.
The development of online shopping and banking.
Policing of internet.
The use of microprocessors in household appliances.

3. Impact on employment
Because companies now have access to so much cheap, reliable computing power, they have changed the way they are organized and the way they operate. As a result, many people’s jobs have changed...

4. Areas of Increased Unemployment
Some jobs have been lost as a result of computers being used to do the same work that people used to do.  Some examples of areas have suffered job losses:
Manufacturing
Secretarial work
Accounting clerks
Newspaper printing

5. Manufacturing
Many factories now have fully automated production lines. Instead of using people to build things, computer-controlled robots are used. 
Robots can run day and night, never needing a break, and don’t need to be paid! (Although the robots cost a lot to purchase, in the long-term the factory saves money.)

6. Secretarial Work
Offices used to employee many secretaries to produce the documents required for the business to run.  Now people have personal computers, they tend to type and print their own documents.

7. Accounting Clerks
Companies once had large departments full of people whose job it was to do calculations(e.g. profit, loss, billing, etc.)  A personal computer running a spreadsheet can now do the same work.

8. Newspaper Printing
It used to take a team of highly skilled printers to typeset (layout) a newspaper page and to then print thousands of newspapers.  The same task can now be performed far more quickly using computers with DTP software and computer-controlled printing presses.

9. Areas of Increased Employment
Although many employment areas have suffered job losses, other areas have grown and jobs have been created. Sometimes people who have lost their old job have been able to re-train and get a new job in one of these growth areas.

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Some examples of areas where jobs have been created:

11. IT Technicians
All of the computers in a business need to be maintained: hardware fixed, software installed, etc.  IT technicians do this work.

12. Computer Programmers
All of the software that is now used by businesses has to be created by computer programmers. Hundreds of thousands of people are now employed in the 'software industry'

13. Web Designers
Much of modern business is conducted on-line, and company websites are very important. Company websites need to be designed and built which is the role of web designers.

14. Help-Desk Staff
People often need help using computers, and software applications.  Computer and software company have help-desks staffed by trained operators who can give advice.

15. Computerizing the Workplace - Good or Bad?
As you have seen, many jobs have changed over the past 30 years. But overall, is this a good thing, or a bad thing? It depends who you ask of course - If someone has lost their job because the work is now being done by a computer, that person will probably see it as a bad thing! 

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But, on the whole, the computerization of repetitive, menial tasks (such as working on a factory production line, or calculating endless financial results) has freed people to do more pleasant, less dangerous jobs.

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There are downsides though. Many people can now access their office network from home via The Internet. This means they can work from home (remote working) which sounds pretty nice. However it often results in people working longer hours and missing out on home life.

18. Microprocessor-Controlled Devices in the Home
What is a Microprocessor? A microprocessor is a small CPU built into a single 'chip' (see right). Very powerful microprocessors can be found in PCs (the Core 2 Quad processor made by Intel is one example) but smaller, less powerful microprocessors can be found in many everyday devices in our homes. Typically, a special type of microprocessor, called a microcontroller, is used in everyday devices.

19. Continued In a single ‘chip’, a microcontroller contains: A CPU
Some RAM
Some ROM (Used for storing the devices software)
Often microcontrollers also contain ADCs and DACs to allow easy connection to devices such as sensors and actuators. 

20. Examples of Microprocessor-Controlled Devices
Many of the electronic devices that we use contain a micro-processor. Some devices are used for entertainment:
Games consoles
DVD players
MP3 players
Some devices help to make our lives easier (labour-saving devices):
Programmable microwave ovens
Programmable washing machines
Home security systems
Mobile telephones

21. The Effect of These Devices on Our Lives
Now try to imagine living without them - washing your clothes by hand! Life would be a lot tougher. Microprocessor-controlled devices mean that we have more leisure time to relax and enjoy ourselves instead of doing household chores. We are able to communicate with people very easily using computers, mobile phones, etc. We can become part of online social networks, making friends with people from all over the world.

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Computers and Internet connections mean that many of the tasks that involved us leaving the house, for example, shopping for music, clothes or food, can now be done on-line.  Online shopping gives us more choice of products and saves us time. It is also great from those who are unable to get out of the house easily, such as the elderly, or the disabled

23. Impact of using ICT for online shopping and banking
The development of online shopping and banking has led to changes in the type of employment in shops and banks. Fewer staff are now needed in traditional shops and banks, but new staff are needed to provide the online services.

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Online shopping means more and more people are staying at home to buy goods and services, manage their bank accounts and book holidays, etc. this would be done using a computer connected to the internet and some form of electronic payment ( usually a credit or debit card).

25. Advantages
There is no longer a need to travel into the town centre thus reducing costs and time spent shopping. It also helps reduce town centre congestion and pollution.
Users now have access to a worldwide market and can thus look for products that are cheaper. This is less expensive and less time consuming than having to shop around by more conventional methods. They also have access to a much wider choice of goods.

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3. Disabled and elderly people can now get access to shops and bank without the need to leave home. 4. Because it is online, shopping and banking can be done at any time on any day of the week- this is termed 24/7. 5. People can spend more time doing other things. For example, going shopping to the supermarket probably took up a lot of time; by doing this online people are now free to do more leisure activities.

27. Disadvantages
1. There is possibility of isolation and lack of socialization if people stay at home to do their shopping and banking.
2. There are possible health risks associated with online shopping and banking.
3. Security issues are a major concern. These include:
Hacking, stealing credit card details, etc.
Viruses and other malwares.
Fraudulent websites.

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4. It is necessary to have a computer and to pay for line rental to take part in online shopping and banking. Also the telephone line will be tied up if the user does not have a broadband connection. 5. Unlike high street shopping, it is not possible to see the goods first before buying them. The goods also take several days to arrive.

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6. There is risk of lack of exercise if people do all their shopping and banking at the computer. 7. High street shops and banks are closing because of the increase in online shopping and banking and this is leading to “ghost towns” forming.

30. Effect on companies
Companies can save costs since fewer staff are required and they do not need as many shops and banks in high streets to deal with potential customers.
Because the internet is global, the potential customer base is increased.
There will be some new costs, however, because of the need to re-train staff and the need to employ more staff in dispatch departments.

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4. There are also costs due to the setting up and maintaining of websites to enable online shopping and banking. 5. Since there is very little or no customer-employee interaction, this could lead to a drop in customer loyalty, which could result in loss of customers.