1. Projects Past and Present
Nick Giannaris

2. Ball & Beam Project Overview
A Fuzzy Logic Trainer

3. Mechanical Carriage Overall System Inside Look Inclinometer Sensor
Top Right View

4. System Architecture - Major Parts

5. System Architecture Hardware Firmware Software Major Hardware Pieces
Sensors & Placement
USB Enumeration
Power requirements
Firmware
ADC Enable
Motion Enable
Sample & Continuous Acquisition
Software
Real-Time Data Acquisition (10 ms)
Limits Window
Manual Carriage Control
“Go At” Inclination Command – 2 Rules
Graph Representations and Explanations

6. Hardware Architecture

7. Software Architecture

8. UIS - Firmware Architecture

9. USB – Firmware Architecture

10. Ball & Beam Software Pictures

11. Ball & Beam Software Pictures

12. Motor Controller Pictures

13. What is inside the black box?

14. Global System for Mobil Communications General Packet Radio Services
GSM & GPRS Overview
Global System for Mobil Communications
General Packet Radio Services

15. Public Land Mobile Network
GSM Subsystems
MS (Mobile Station)
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
TRAU (Trans-coding Rate & Adaptation Unit)
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center)
OSS (Operation Subsystem; Maintenance)

16. Public Land Mobile Network
BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
Star cell Configuration
Umbrella cell configuration
Sectorized cell configuration
BSC (Base Station Controller)
Terminal Module
Terminal Controller
Switch Matrix
Operation & Maintenance
TRAU (Transcoding Rate & Adaptation Unit)
Compresses/Decompresses Speech
Regular Pulse Excitation – Long Term
Prediction, Discontinuous Transmission
Not used for connection signaling

17. Public Land Mobile Network
EIR: Equipment identity Register
White, black, gray lists
IMEI: International mobile equip. id
HLR: Home location register
Provides authentication & security
Fixed reference point of the current mobile user location
VLR: Visitor location register
Dynamic user information & parameters (Channel, Slot, TRX, BTS)
NSS (Network Switching Subsystem)
MSC: Mobile switching Center
Channel assignment
Inter-MSC handover
Gateways to other networks

18. GSM Call Scenarios Handoffs Mobile controlled handoff
MS monitors signals around BS and issues a handoff
Network controlled handoff
BSs measure the MS signal and issue a handoff request
Mobile assisted handoff
Network asks MS to measure the BS signals then the network performs handoff
Inter-Base Station handoff
MS will issue handoff request by using a free channel
Inter-System Handoff
New & old BS are connected to two different MSCs
New MSC will select BS and verify RF link quality
MS moves back in short time

19. IEEE
ZigBee

20. Introduction Personal Area Network (PAN)
A computer network used for communication among
devices in a close proximity.
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
A wireless personal area network
Some of these Standards are:
Wireless Systems for Automation (SP100.11)
Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (WirelessHART)
6LoWPAN, IPv6 over low power personal area network
ZigBee, by the ZigBee Alliance
Some of these Applications:
Building & Home Automation (ex. door, garage, security & lighting control, etc.)
Industrial and Process Automation (ex. pressure, temperature, flow, level sensing, etc.)
Energy and Utility Automation (ex. power monitoring, remote metering, etc.)
RFID and Logistics (ex. product monitoring & tracking, etc.)
Medical Monitoring (ex. heart, pressure monitoring, etc.)

21. IEEE
IEEE is the 15th working group of the IEEE 802 and specializes in Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network) standards.
It includes seven task groups (numbered from 1 to 7)
Task Group 1: Bluetooth
Task Group 2: Coexistence (of wireless personal networks with other wireless devices)
Task Group 3: High Rate WPAN (WLAN)
Task Group 4: Low Rate WPAN
Task Group 5: Mesh Networking
Task Group 6: Body Area Network (BAN)
Task Group 7: PHY and MAC for Visible Light Communications (VLC)

22. IEEE 802.15.4 – MAC CSMA/CA Overview
A station that wants to transmit a frame, it first listens for other transmitted signals over the medium.
If there is no traffic, it continues to wait for a time interval called the short inter-frame space.
If there is still no traffic on the medium, the device will start transmitting, otherwise it has to wait until the medium is clear to repeat the waiting interval.

23. ZigBee Device Types Coordinators Routers End-Devices
Responsible for the overall network management
Routers
Expand network coverage and discover the best route to the destination over which to transfer a message.
End-Devices
Located in the furthest outreach of the ZigBee network
Sourcing or sinking information to the rest of the network.
Integrated to a host of different types of sensors and at the edge points.  
ZigBee Trust Center
Provides security management and services to the network.
ZigBee Gateway device is used when we want to connect a ZigBee network to another type of network (protocol conversion)

24. ZigBee Device Types

25. ZigBee Topologies

26. ZigBee Protocol Stack Architecture
Physical Layer
Performs modulation on outgoing signals and, demodulation on incoming signals.
It transmits information and receives information from a source.
Three frequency bands with different number of channels are supported.

27. ZigBee Protocol Stack Architecture
MAC Layer
Responsible for accessing the network using CSMA/CA for:
Beacon frames for synchronization
Provides reliable transmission method
Network Layer
Responsible for the following functions:
Neighbor discovery
Route discovery
Starting a network
Managing end-devices (nodes) joining or leaving the network

28. ZigBee Protocol Stack Architecture
Application Support Sub-Layer (APS)
Provides services necessary for application objects (endpoints)
Provides services to the ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) for data and management services
Provides communication for different applications by defining a unified communication structure (profile, cluster or endpoint)

29. ZigBee Protocol Stack Architecture
ZigBee Device Object (ZDO)
Determines the type of device in a network (coordinator, router, end-device)
Initializes the following layers:
Application Support Sub-layer (APS)
Network layer
Security service provider
Performs device and service discovery
Initializes coordinator in order to establish the network
Management of:
Security
Network
Binding

30. ZigBee Protocol Stack Architecture
End Device (Node)
Each end node can have multiple endpoints
Each endpoint contains an application profile and can be used to control multiple devices or a single device
Each endpoint defines the communication functions within a device
Addressing Modes
Direct: Two devices communicate directly. Full addressing is required.
Group: Application assigns a group membership to one or more devices
Broadcast: Used to send a packet to all devices simultaneously

31. ZigBee: Hands-On
The SmartRF05 evaluation board is the motherboard in several development kits for Low Power RF devices from Texas instruments. The board has a wide range of user interfaces, such as:
The evaluation board is the platform for the evaluation modules and can be connected to the PC via USB to control the RF module.
3x16 character serial LCD display
Full speed USB 2.0 interface
UART
LEDs
Serial Flash
Potentiometer
Joystick
Buttons
Breakout pins

32. ZigBee: Hands-On

33. ZigBee: Hands-On

34. ZigBee: Hands-On

35. Q&A