1. Cellular Technology

2. Introduction to Cellular Technology
The development of information and communication technology is very fast.
Communication use cables becoming abandoned.
Humans are no dependent on technology 'wires'.
Wireless networks have shifted the role of a wired network.
By carrying excellence in practicality, efficiency and effectiveness, the wireless network has been successfully satisfy its user.

3. Introduction to Cellular Technology (2)
Cellular network technology evolved from analog to digital systems, from circuit switching into packet switching.
The evolution of mobile technology is divided into:
1G: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
2G: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
2.5G: GPRS (General Packet Radio System)
3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
3.5G: HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution)

4. WIRELESS Classification

5. Mobile Communications Systems
Requirement
There is at least one mobile terminal in communication
at the beginning
High transmit power
Antenna as high as possible
Cell coverage profuse
Handoff concept does not exist

6. Early Generation of Mobile Communications Systems
The Weakness
Cost is expensive because it requires high power amplifier and antenna height
Leisure customers interrupted when switching coverage
Low capacity
Low spectrum efficiency

7. 1G: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
AMPS is the first generation of cellular technology.
Using analog technology and serve only voice communications.
Work on the 800 MHz frequency band
Access method use FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
AMPS technology start to be used in 1970 as the invention of the microprocessor for wireless communication.
The increasing number of customers can not be accommodated first generation.

8. 2G: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

9. GSM Frame Structure

10. 2.5G: GPRS (General Packet Radio System)
GPRS network is a result of the development of GSM
Theoretically, the data rate can reach kbps and the actual data rate can be approximately 115 kbps.
GPRS is a technology that is “always on”, meaning that the user is always connected and does not need to dial up to gain the connection again.
The total cost will be charged based only on the amount of data transmitted
GPRS technology enables accessing of the Internet via mobile telephone.
GPRS is developed using GSM technology and therefore the speed of data for Internet connection using GPRS is not quite satisfactory.

11. 3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Standard)

12. 3G: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
This generation is better known as WCDMA (Wideband - Coded Division Multiple Access).
Data transmission rates up to 2 Mbps offered to fixed users with a wide bandwidth of 5 MHz.
The user is allowed to get varied bandwidth according to the user demand which is one of the excellent features of UMTS networks.
One of the most famous examples of services, 3G video call which is the image of our friends talk can be seen from our 3G mobile phone.
Other services are, video conferencing, video streaming, both for Live TV and video portal, Video Mail, PC to Mobile, and Internet Browsing.

13. 3.5G: HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
HSDPA is an evolution of UMTS, HSDPA network architecture that still use the UMTS network architecture.
Technology 3.5 G or also called super 3G is an improvement of the 3G technology, especially in increasing the speed of data transfer over 3G technology (> 2 Mbps) so that it can serve multimedia communications such as Internet access and video sharing.
The main purpose of HSDPA is to increase the capacity of the transmitted data packet and reduce the delay of a data packet transmission.
In the Indonesian market was at the 3.5G technology, which for the generation 4G can not be implemented because not get permission to use the frequency of government (still under preparation)

14. 4G: LTE (Long Term Evolution)
In IP-based 4G technology will be capable of integrating the entire system and the existing network.
Which may be given access speed 4G fluttering from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps, both indoors and outdoors with QoS (Quality of Service) are guaranteed a good, guaranteed security system, and the delivery of real-time information, wherever and whenever.
4G technology is expected to meet the needs of wireless applications, such as mobile TV, HDTV, and digital video broadcasting.
LTE was first launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, LTE is a technology that was asked to replace UMTS / HSDPA. LTE is expected to be standardized globally mobile phone first.

15. Cellular System

16. Cellular System
Communication systems are used to provide telecommunications services for mobile customers.
Called cellular system because its service area is divided into small areas called CELL.
CHARACTERISTICS: The customer is able to move freely within the service area while communicating without termination.

17. Cellular System (2)
An area (e.g city), is divided into several sub- areas (cells)
Each average-sized cells 26 km2
The scope of a hexagon-shaped cells and form a large hexagon grid.
Therefore, mobile phone and the base station (BTS) using a low-powered transmitters, the same frequencies can be reused in cells that are not adjacent
Each cell has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio device

18. Area Splitting One cell divides into several subsel.
Purpose: to divide an area that is too dense for the services are still available

19. Cellular System Architecture
The basic unit of the cellular system
Cell size depends on the area
Cluster
A set of cells
No channel frequency reuse

20. A typical network layout

21. The working principle of the cellular network

23. Handover

24. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
FDMA divides the frequency slots into small canals that same bandwidth, which is then used individually by the user.
Each user is the one with the other is not a mutual interference.
FDMA is used in 1G networks and continued on 2G network technology in combination with TDMA.
1G only uses FDMA which allocates each user with different frequencies.
Security level is very low and limited frequency allocation. If the frequency is full, it does not allow for the addition of a new user.

25. Channelization : FDMA
In frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), the available bandwidth is shared by all stations.
Each station uses its allocated band to send its data. Each band is reserved for a specific station.
The band belongs to the station all the time. FDMA is a data link layer protocol that uses FDM at the physical layer.

26. Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

27. Diagram of an FDMA system

28. FDMA Structure Band Frekuensi = Downlink (BS  MS) 935.2 ~ 959.8 MHz
Uplink (MS  BS) ~ MHz
Jumlah carrier = 124
carrier spacing = 200KHz
Duplex Spacing = 45 MHz
ARFCN = 1 ~ 124

29. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
In TDMA, frequency channels are not permanently dedicated to mobile users individually, but it is used together with other users with just a different time.
The time difference is divided into sections called TDMA timeslot, which then will be given individually to the mobile user.
TDMA systems used in GSM mobile network system

30. Channelization : TDMA
In time-division multiple access (TDMA), the entire bandwidth is just one channel.
The stations share the capacity of the channel in time. Each station is allocated a time slot during which it can send data.
TDMA is a data link layer protocol that uses TDM at the physical layer. TDMA is used in the cellular telephone network

31. Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

32. Operation of a TDMA system

33. Prinsip kerja Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
ARFCN atau “Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number” adalah nomer channel yang berurutan yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi carrier yang berbeda. Hubungan antara parameter ARFCN dan frekuensi carrier adalah sebagai berikut: fUplink = *(ARFCN-1) MHz fDownlink = fUplink MHz
Prinsip kerja Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

34. Delapan percakapan -- satu channel
Work Process of TDMA With one channel can carry a conversation eighth in a way to divide the conversation into fragments called Timeslot,
8 Percakapan, 8 Channel
Communication between the BTS and the MS through the physical channel in the form of a burst
Delapan percakapan -- satu channel

35. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
In CDMA, each mobile user will not be distinguished by frequency or time, but according to a unique code.
Base station and the mobile user should have the ability to identify the code and read the information contained therein
Information from the user changed from narrow narrowband signal into a wideband signal width, by multiplying the high frequency code called chiprate.
Then the wideband signal is transmitted over a radio network, on the receiving side after the wideband signal is received, the code is translated back into the original information by multiplying it back to the original high-frequency code.
CDMA system is used in multiple access systems 3G (UMTS)

36. CDMA Network Structure

37. Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
W-CDMA system is a multiple access technology that is stocked in a high bandwidth (5-5MHz), wider than the bandwidth of the CDMA system
This technology differs from conventional GSM system uses frequency division available bandwidth and time slot.
WCDMA can be said to be based broadband CDMA GSM is often also known as Access Technology of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication) is an implementation of 3G that can reach speeds up to 2 Mbps.

38. WCDMA Network

39. CDMA
Let us assume that four stations (1,2,3,4 with codes c1,c2,c3,c4) connected to the same channel are sending data d1,d2,d3,d4.
Let us assume that the assigned codes have two properties:
1. If we multiply each code by another, we get 0.
2. If we multiply each code by itself, we get 4(the number of stations)
The stations send data
If any station, (say station2) wants to get data sent by another station (say station1), station2 multiplies the data on the channel by the code of the sending station (i.e c1) and divides the result by 4:
Data received by station2= {(d1.c1+d2.c2+d3.c3+d4.c4).c1}x1/4 =d1
The code assigned to each station is a sequence of numbers called chips.

40. Simple idea of communication with code

41. Chip sequences

42. Data representation in CDMA

43. Sharing channel in CDMA

44. Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA

45. Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA. The Fig
Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA. The Fig. shows how station 3 can detect the data sent by station2.

46. Example 12.6 Find the chips for a network with
a. Two stations b. Four stations
Solution
We can use the rows of W2 and W4 :
a. For a two-station network, we have [+1 +1] and [+1 −1].
b. For a four-station network we have [ ], [+1 −1 +1 −1], [+1 +1 −1 −1], and [+1 −1 −1 +1].

47. Example 12.7
What is the number of sequences if we have 90 stations in our network?
Solution
The number of sequences needs to be 2m. We need to choose m = 7 and N = 27 or 128. We can then use 90 of the sequences as the chips.

48. Example 12.8
Prove that a receiving station can get the data sent by a specific sender if it multiplies the entire data on the channel by the sender’s chip code and then divides it by the number of stations.
Solution
Let us prove this for the first station, using our previous four-station example. We can say that the data on the channel D = (d1 ⋅ c1 + d2 ⋅ c2 + d3 ⋅ c3 + d4 ⋅ c4). The receiver which wants to get the data sent by station 1 multiplies these data by c1.

49. Example 12.8 (continued)
When we divide the result by N, we get d1 .

50. Tahapan Evolusi GSM/GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA-UMTS/HSDPA

51. Understanding for Packet Switching
Data to be transmitted is divided into small parts (packets) and then transmitted and the data is converted back to the original.
Can transmit thousands and even millions of packets per second
Allows for the use of the transmission channel simultaneously by other users
Transmission through the PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) by using an IP backbone

52. Evolution step GSM / GPRS/UMTS/HSDPA
Edge
Edge TRX
Abis
MSC
HLR/AuC
EIR
BSC
BTS
PSTN
Network
SS7 Um
GSM
INFRASTRUCTURE
Node-B
RNC Iu
IWU Um
UMTS (WCDMA)
INFRASTRUCTURE
Border
Gateway (BG)
Serving GPRS
Support Node
(SGSN)
Gateway GPRS
(GGSN)
Lawful Interception
Gateway (LIG)
Inter-PLMN
network
GPRS
backbone
(IP based)
Internet
PCU
INFRASTRUCTURE
HSDPA
HSDPA TRX
The GPRS brings few new network elements to the GSM network. The most important ones are the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Another important new element is the Point-To-Multipoint Service Center (PTM-SC) which is dedicated to the PTM services in the GPRS network. Also a new network element is the Border Gateway (BG) which is mainly needed for the security reasons and is situated on the connection to the Inter-PLMN backbone network. The Inter-PLMN and Intra-PLMN backbone network are also new elements, both IP-based networks. In addition there will be few new gateways in the GPRS system like the Charging Gateway and the Legal Interception Gateway

53. Stages of Evolution CDMA
IS X 144 Kbps
600 Kbps peak
IS-95A CDMA
Voice, packet-
9.6/14.4 Kbps
IS-95B CDMA
Voice, packet-
64 Kbps
IS XEV-DO
600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak
IS XEV-DV
2-5 Mbps peak
All IP
CDMA2000 PCN/Mobile IP
CDMA2000
Interworking function
cdmaOne

54. Any Questions