1. “WELCOME TO THE MACHINE”
“Welcome my son, welcome to the machine. Where have you been? It's alright we know where you've been.” -Pink Floyd

2. Changes and Solutions How did the People React to the
Economic and Social Changes
Of the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the factory system affect living conditions in Europe?

4. Vocabulary Free Enterprise Humanitarians Utilitarianism Strike Unions
Collective Bargaining
Adam Smith
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo
Charles Dickens
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill

5. Welcome to the Machine Before the Introduction of new machines
Several years spent as an apprentice
More time was taken to make products
Skilled workers (usually men)
After new machines were introduced
People could learn to perform a task or operate a machine in just a few days
No need for skilled workers anymore, women and children could perform the tasks
Low wages
Unsafe working conditions

6. The wage system
Factory owners wanted to produce goods as fast and cheap as possible
More workers = lower wages
Acquired skills and were paid accordingly
Few opportunities for advancement in the factory system

7. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

8. In the Early Year of Ind. Rev. workers faced many hardships
Low wages- starvation level
Long hours - 16hrs. A day
Child Labor- from age 5
Women paid less than men
Factories- poor lighting and unsanitary
Machines lacked proper safety mechanisms
Technology increased, unemployment increased

10. System of laissez fair (Govt. should not interfere with industry)
Social Darwinism- only the strongest in society will survive and will make the society stronger
Capitalism and free enterprise are the key to economic growth
Adam Smith Wealth of Nations
No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.
Adam Smith
Poverty was thought to be inevitable
Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo

11. Critical Thinking
What might be the long term effects of Laissez fair capitalism?
Why do some advocate it?
Why do some fear it?

12. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

13. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

14. Movies HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY (1941) Directed by John Ford Oliver!
The film version of Richard Llewellyn's novel about a Welsh mining family was 1941's big Oscar winner, with awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor (Donald Crisp), Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction-Interior Decoration. 30 years later, critic Andrew Sarris maintained that Ford's film was "the best movie, apart from SUNRISE, ever to win an Oscar." There are moments that no one but Ford (who replaced William Wyler) could have achieved, but the film was truly a collaborative effort, orchestrated by 20th Century-Fox production chief Darryl F. Zanuck.

15. Reaction against factory system
Luddites- radicals against machinery
Socialism- workers should control factory
Communism- workers control entire society (govt., Business etc.)
Religious movements- Social Gospel
Philanthropy- Donations from the wealthy Andrew Carnegie

16. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

17. The Neo-Luddites Today

18. Writing Assignment: A Brave New World?
The year is 1824, the Industrial Revolution is in full swing. Towns have become cities overnight. The cities are over crowded. Crime, poverty, pollution, and garbage are every where you look. Yet at the same time, these same cities are generating great wealth and great advances.
In the lower class neighborhoods of the city the average working family in the city barely has enough to eat. The average life expectancy is 15yrs. The average worker works over 12 hrs. a day, six days a week. They take home barely enough to live on. It is common for entire families (men, women, and children 5yrs. & older) to work in factories. Workers live in crowed tenement houses with poor sanitary conditions.
In areas just outside of the industrial centers, in higher class neighborhoods, are wealthy mansions filled with every available convenience. The Business owners are living better lives than ever before. Business competition is industrial growth. This industrial growth is driving art, architecture, technology, science and medicine forward at a faster rate than ever before. Hospitals, museums, architectural wonders, and other cultural landmarks are being created with the accumulation of wealth.
Choose one of the following people: A wealthy middle class factory owner, a poor factory worker, a landlord of a city apartment building, a police officer working in the city, a wealthy nobleman of an estate, a union leader, a communist, or a socialist. Write a letter to the British Government supporting your ideas of making the city a better place. Be sure to describe your living conditions and explain what you would like the government to do about it. Is the government responsible for the cities? Are they doing too much or not enough to end the problems of city life?
Your written work should be at least 2 pages in length. Use and underline at least eight terms from chapter 13 and chapter 14. Remember to use proper punctuation and good grammar. Make sure your work is in an essay form.

19. AIM: How did the early industrial workers seek to improve their lives?
Solutions to labor discontent

20. Labor Unions Collective bargaining –change conditions
Demands for improved wages, hours, and benefits
Settlement of labor disputes
Peaceful Methods
Collective bargaining
Mediation- 3rd party suggests
Arbitrary- 3rd party imposes
Weapons of employees (workers)
Strike
Boycott- stop using products from company
Picket
Publicity
Weapons of employers
Lockout workers
Injunction
Scabs

21. Law changing by democratic means
The Social Reformers
End of laissez faire by government passing laws
Wages and hours laws
Social security
Welfare System
Charities

22. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

23. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

24. Government Response
The Sadler Committee Report (1832)
Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission
Chadwick's report on sanitary problems

25. Critical Thinking
After reading the testimonies of the Sadler Commission what was the strategy of the lawyers presenting the children?
Why did the lawyers use this strategy?

26. Forcing Change INCREASE OF CRIME Drug abuse Alcohol Political change
Socialism- govt. should own the means of production
Communism – Overthrow of capitalism by violent means

27. How did Socialism seek to change the capitalists system?
An analysis of the Socialist theories

28. Socialism Uneven distribution of wealth disturbed many people.
Some reformers advocated a new political and economic system called socialism.
Under socialism, governments own the means of production and operate them for the benefit of all people, rich and poor
Goal: to build a better community (Utopia)

29. Utopians
Robert Owen-( ) most influential utopian socialist in Great Britain.
Owned his own spinning mill
Felt responsible for his workers
Tried to make lives of his workers comfortable.
Built homes, set up schools and provided inexpensive food and clothes.

30. Karl Marx
19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary.
Often called the father of communism.
Published The Communist Manifesto in 1848 with fellow German Friedrich Engels.
Communism- Governments that owned the means of production and controlled all economic planning.

31. Marxist Theory: Communism
Economic conditions determine history (history struggle between haves and have-nots)
Capitalists rule for their own benefit (Bourgeoisie)
Proletariat (working class) are exploited by capitalists
A working class struggle will eventually overthrow capitalism – to create a classless society
Socialism is inevitable

32. Errors of Marx
History is influenced by religious, national, and economic forces
Workers can improve lives under capitalism
Under socialism people lose incentive to work
Communism becomes totalitarian and leads to poor economic planning

33. Leninism Communism- by revolution (violent)
A dictatorship must be established to maintain communism
Communism is Socialism managed by the Government

34. A history of the social sciences
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the growth of the Social Sciences?
A history of the social sciences

35. The Need for Social Studies
What problems are created by urbanization and how can we deal with them?
In order to meet the challenges of the industrial revolution’s impact upon people, societies needed to be studied.

36. The Areas of Study Archaeology- study of ancient remains
Anthropology- study of different societies both past & present
E.B. Taylor- study of how religion evolved
James George Frazer- tried to show links between societies
Sociology- study of human relationships within society
Herbert Spencer- applied Darwin to sociology
Psychology- study of individual behavior
Sigmund Freud- unconscious and subconscious behavior
Psychoanalysis- process of studying dreams & free association