1. The Industrial Revolution
SOL.WHII. 8-the student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century by:
a) citing scientific, technological, and industrial developments and explaining how they brought about urbanization an social environmental changes;
b) explaining the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern, and subsequent development of socialism and communism;
c) describing the evolution of the nature of work and the labor force, including its effects on families, the status of women and children, the slave trade, and the labor union movement.
d) explaining the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and nationalism;
e) assessing the impact of European economic and military power on Asia and Africa, with emphasis on the competition for resources and the responses of colonized peoples.

2. -During the Industrial Revolution, agricultural economies were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the structure and the function of the family.

3. Origins of the Industrial Revolution

4. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
England, with its natural resources like coal, iron ore was a great place to begin the Industrial Revolution. The invention of the steam engine by James Watt in 1769 helped spur the Revolution as steam replaced water as the industry’s major power source.
Later, the IR spread to the rest of Europe and the United States. Cotton, textiles, iron and steel (later) played a major role in the IR.

5. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The early stages of the IR were directly affected by the British Enclosure Movement.
The Agricultural Revolution introduced the Process of enclosure, which combined smaller landholdings into larger, move efficient, larger holdings.
The event most responsible for increases in URBAN population growth in the 19th century cities was small farm workers moving to the cities, mainly caused by the enclosure movement.
All of the following increased during the IR: urbanization: availability of previously considered luxury items, the size of the middle class.
The rise of the factory system and the demise of cottage industries occurred during the IR.

6. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The nature of work in the Factory System:
family-based cottage industries were displaced by the factory system
child-labor kept the cost of production low and the profits high
mine and factory owners controlled their workers’ lives by controlling where the workers lived and shopped.
harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children.
The IR placed new demands on workers so they organized into labor unions to fight for improved conditions and rights.

7. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Most unions organized in the 19th century to improve pay and conditions. They pressed demands by holding strikes.
This resulted in pressure to improve the lives of workers, including women and children.
Worker rights and collective bargaining between labor and management began.
Factory conditions IMPROVED during the IR, because of labor unions, health and safety laws, and writings by reformers.
**A famous reformer was Upton Sinclair who wrote The Jungle, which criticized the meat-packing industry. **

8. Technological Advances that Led to the Rise of the Industrial Revolution

9. Richard Arkwright
Invented a way to drive the machine by waterpower and opened a spinning wheel. This was the beginning of the modern factory system.

10. James Watt
Steam Engine; steam replaced water as the major source of energy.

11. Henry Bessemer
Improved process for making steel. (cheaper and more efficient-“Bessemer Process”)

12. Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin; more efficient way to clean cotton. Result: U.S. became cotton producing center of the world. Also, the demand for slaves increased in American labor plantations. Eventually, Great Britain and the U.S. outlawed slavery.

13. Technological Advances in Science and Medicine

14. Picture of smallpox victim
Edward Jenner
Smallpox vaccination; smallpox was the deadliest disease of the time.
Picture of smallpox victim

15. Louis Pasteur
Discovered bacteria; developed process to kill bacteria and stop fermentation (process that turns grapes into wine and prevents milk from growing sour) This process was named pasteurization in his honor.

16. Impacts of the IR on Industrialized Countries

17. Impacts population increases environmental pollution
improved transportation
increased education
increased standard of living for many, though not all.
dissatisfaction with working conditions.
urbanization
growth of the middle class led to wider participation in elections)

18. Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism
The Ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx

19. Capitalism
Capitalism and the Free Market economy were the driving factors behind the IR.
Adam Smith: introduced the concept of a free-market system and the “invisible hand” in his book The Wealth of Nations
His book stated that the economy functions best when the government stays out of the private sector. The “invisible hand” driven by the free market will decide the economic questions.
Capital, market competition, and the entrepreneurial abilities all play a major role in Capitalism.
An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. These people drive a capitalist economy.

20. Capitalism
Capitalism had an impact and is impacted by the standard of living and growth of the middle class and is often characterized by laissez faire economics. “hands off”
The policy of letting owners set the working conditions without interference is part of the laissez faire theory. (early capitalism functioned like this)
Lack of governmental controls placed on the decisions of owners of industry and business was also part of the practice of laissez faire economics.
One negative result of capitalism was dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society.

21. Factors of Production 1. Land
2. Labor- in a free market economy, individuals “own” their own labor and may sell it to any employer.
3. Capital
Physical-money, buildings, machines, and computers
Human-knowledge and skills gained from work experience
4. Entrepreneur-individual with drive and ambition to combine land, labor, and capital resources to produce goods or offer services.

22. Free Enterprise System
1. Private Ownership of Property
2. Individual Initiative
3. Profit
4. Competition
Any # of companies offers the same product of service and competes with each other.

23. Lassiaze -Faire Theory
Government should play limited role in society.
Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations said the “invisible hand” promotes prosperity when individuals allowed to pursue their own interests.
“Hands Off”

24. Profits and Losses
The “profit motive” drives the capitalist system. This is why people take risks and invest money. (Example: Stock Market Game)

25. Socialism and Communism
Economic inequality associated with capitalism produced a wide range of new ideas, including socialism and communism.
The IR caused a larger gap between the rich and the poor in society.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels outlined their beliefs in communism in a book called The Communist Manifesto. Marx, later, wrote another book called Das Capital. Both books form the basis of communism.
They were written as a criticism of capitalism and the conditions of the Industrial Revolution.
They emphasized that wealth was not evenly distributed among the people, but it should be.

26. Socialism and Communism
In a Socialist Society, the government owns/operates many of the major means of productions. In Communism, the governments owns/operates ALL of those modes.
Communism seeks to maintain its ideas through a violent and bloody revolution.
Marx and Engels argued that Capitalism would eventually be overthrown by a revolution of the proletariats (workers)

27. What is Socialism?
Economic benefits should be equal throughout society.

28. The Industrial Revolution:
Society began to shift towards an industrial economy. Bad working conditions.

29. Socialism and Communism:
2 Factions of Marx followers. Socialism said could be peaceful and communist called for “violent revolution.”

30. Characteristics of Socialist Economies
Nationalism- government takes privately own industries
Public Welfare- everyone provided for.
Taxation-governments get funds from taxes
Centrally Planned Economy

31. Pros and Cons Advantages Equality Basic needs supplied
More control over ordinary citizens’ lives.
Disadvantages
Complicated. No individual responsibility.
Slow technology advances.
Little economic freedom

32. Karl Marx’s Theory
observed IR and called for workers to “free selves” from “capitalist enslavement”
Wrote Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1848.
proletariat-workers
Bourgeoisie-capitalists who owned labor.
Das Kapital in Analyzed Capitalism even further. History a class struggle competing for control of labor and productive resources.
Soon, masses would revolt and bring down bourgeoisie.
Labor Theory of Value- value of good determined by labor put into it.
Nature of State-state and government tools that capitalists use to maintain power.
religion-“opiate of the people”
Dictatorship of Proletariat-authoritarian state enforce, then classless society owned by people (ideal).

33. Communism

34. Characteristics of Communist Economies
Communist Party-
Centralized control over government, economy, social, intellectual, and religious life.
Central Planning
Bureaucrats plan and supervise production
Five-Year Plans set economic goals.
Sets goals and decides how goods and services produced.
Collectivization
State ownership over means of production. “Pillar of communism”
State Ownership
Industries, businesses, etc…

35. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

36. Social Effects
A cultural and social change of the IR was an increasing class division between the wealthy and poor in society.
Other changes: growth of cities (urbanization), crowded housing, and harsh working conditions in factories.
Women and children entered the workforce as cheap labor.
low wages paid to unskilled laborers during the IR led to children being forced to seek work

37. Social Effects
Benefits of child labor, for the factory owners, were that they led to low production costs.
Immigrants were often valuable because they replaced labor shortages and contributed the creating a new culture.
Reforms were introduced to end child labor, which led to child labor and education laws.
The increase in middle class women led to more education and demands for suffrage.
The average size of a family decreased during this time.
The working conditions can be described as monotonous, with long working hours, and low wages.
During the IR, Robert Owns’ New Lanark Mill differed from other factories because the workers were better paid and provided for.

42. Young Coal Miners

43. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

44. “The Great Land Serpent”

45. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

46. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

47. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

48. The New Industrial City

49. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

50. Worker Housing in Manchester

51. Factory Workers at Home

52. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

53. Rise of Imperialism
During this time period, many economic powers pursued imperial ambitions to control raw materials and markets of the world.
There was an increased demand for raw materials from Asia, Africa, and the Americas…in addition; there was an increase in population, standard of living, and education. Because of the spread of wealth around these nations.
Increased imperialism led to the spread of economic, political, and social philosophies from Europe throughout the world.
Resistance to imperialism took the form of armed conflict and intellectual movements.

54. Rise of Imperialism
Nationalism was another force that motivated European countries to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, political and military power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced traditional industries.
Colonized peoples resisted European domination.
FORMS OF IMPERIALISM
Colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence.
In China, imperialism took the form of spheres of influence.
China was carved into spheres of influence by European powers in the 19th Century.
Although, it came too late, the Boxer Rebellion in China led to an “Open Door Policy”, which helped to curve imperialist behavior in East Asia.

55. Imperialism in Africa and Asia
Characterized by:
European domination
spheres of influence in China
European conflicts carried to the colonies.
East India Tea Company’s domination of the Indian States
Christian Missionary Efforts
Suez Canal
American Opening of Japan to trade.
The states of India were controlled by the East India Company.
Japan was open to international trade by American trade expedition (Matthew Perry)
Responses of colonized people…armed conflicts, anti-colonial movements.