1. Magnetics Carlos R. Villa NSTA National Conference Los Angeles, CA
March/April 2017

2. Magnetics This presentation is available to download at:
NSTA National Conference
Los Angeles, CA
March/April 2017

3. About Us

4. NHMFL Overview One of 7 high magnetic field labs in the world
Only one in western hemisphere
Largest and highest powered in the world

5. NHMFL Overview User laboratory
Over 1615 user visits (2016)
NSF & State of Florida funded
Research free to scientist
Must share research
Research in many fields (Not just magnets!!)
Materials – Energy - Life
Includes materials science, physics, engineering, chemistry, biology, biomedical, geochemistry, microscopy, etc…

6. Center for Integrating Research & Learning
Educational component of NHMFL’s grant
RET programs (more on that later…)
K-12 education outreach
6,000 students visited this school year
Professional development
Workshops and conferences
CIRL on Facebook

7. About Magnets

8. Magnet Review Gauss Tesla Measurement of magnetic field
Named for Carl Friedrich Gauss
Tesla
Measurement of larger magnetic fields
Named for Nikola Tesla
10,000 Gauss = 1 Tesla

9. Some Magnetic Fields (In Tesla)
Refrigerator magnet:
Earth’s magnetic field:
Person’s magnetic field:
Junkyard magnet:
MRI magnet:
.03 T T
3 x10-13 T
1 T
2-3 T

10. Some NHMFL Magnetic Fields
NHMFL ICR magnet:
Ionic Cyclotron Resonance
NHMFL 900 Mhz
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NHMFL resistive magnet
NHMFL split cell
NHMFL hybrid magnet (33MW)
Resistive and superconducting
Series Connected Hybrid (9MW)
NHMFL pulse magnet
Not continuous field
21 T
20-40 T
25 T
45 T
35 T
100.7 T

11. The History of Magnets

12. 1269: Peregrinus Magnetic fields can act at a distance
Magnets can only act on other magnetic materials
Opposite poles attract and like poles repel
When suspended, north poles point North and south poles point South.

13. 1600: Gilbert Published De Magnete First critical research on magnets
Earth is a magnet
First critical research on magnets
Used lodestone
Dispelled superstitions and myths

14. 1820: Oersted An electrical current can create a magnetic field
Oersted set up lecture demonstration
Used battery to supply current
Showed compass needle deflecting near the wire

15. 1820: Ampere Moving electrical charges produce magnetic fields
Simple experiment
Two straight wires
Current passed through
Wires bowed toward or away
Led to electromagnets

16. 1824: Sturgeon First electromagnet Curved iron rod Bare copper wire
Electricity

17. 1827: Henry Improved the electromagnet Larger iron rod Copper wire
Insulated with silk
Electricity

18. 1831: Faraday A change in magnetic field produces an electric current
Induction
Magnetic flux: The change needed to induce current

19. 1835: Lenz’s Law
An induced current in a wire (by flux) will flow to create a field that opposes the flux
Eddy currents created
Used in magnetic braking systems
Rollercoasters
Electric car braking feedback

20. 1900: Free Electron Theory
Electrical conduction in a solid is caused by the bulk motion of electrons
Each metal atom contributes an electron that is free to roam
Voltage briefly accelerates the electrons
Resistance is friction
Each electron is everywhere
Like a wave in a pool

21. 1900: Superconductors Traditional Metal Resistance Superconductor
Temperature

22. 1957: BCS Theory At low temperatures, some metals lose resistance
BCS: Bardeen, Cooper, Schreiffer
At low temperatures, some metals lose resistance
Atoms nearly stationary
Superconductivity results from the formation of Cooper pairs
Two electrons partnered
One follows the other
Results in frictionless flow of electrons
Resistance
Traditional Metal
Superconductor
Temperature

23. The Science of Magnetism

24. Magnets All magnets have poles But not really: Magnetic monopole
North & South
Opposites attract
Like repels
But not really: Magnetic monopole
2014 discovery
All magnets have magnetic fields
Magnetic field is a vector field
Has direction and magnitude

25. Magnetic Fields Magnetic fields invisible to humans
Many animals can sense magnetism
Sea turtles
Migratory birds
Sharks
Rare animals can see magnetism
Robins
Orangutans
Family Canidae
Wolves, foxes, coyotes, dogs

26. Magnetic Materials 3 metals are naturally magnetic at room temperature
Iron
Nickel
Cobalt
Two more are magnetic at lower temperatures
Gadolinium (65 F and below)
Dysprosium (-301 F and below)
Many are magnetic as alloys
Rare-Earth
Magnetite
Iron rich mineral
Lodestone is magnetized piece of magnetite
Lodestone led to first compass

27. Permanent & Temporary Magnets
Permanent magnets: Almost always keep their field
Fields can be lost
Curie point, electric current, or by banging it
Temporary magnets: Will keep magnetic field until tampered with
Examples: Paperclips, scissors, staples, thumb tacks, pins, screwdrivers, refrigerator door, car doors, etc…
Anything that is magnetic, but will not keep its field

28. Magnetism
Motion of charges particles (electrons) create magnetic fields
In some atoms, spins cancel out
Pauli exclusion
When all electrons spin the same direction:
Magnetic field is produced
Magnetic domains
In magnets: lined up

29. Magnetism Electrons tend to line up in groups (Domains)
Domains reinforce other domains
Turn material magnetic
Examples: Refrigerator Magnets, Bar Magnets, Magnetite, Horseshoe Magnets, Hematite, etc…
Field can be lost
Curie Point
Electric Current
Degaussing
Bang It

30. Electricity and Magnetism
The two are so closely related
Where there is electricity, there is a magnetic field
The flow of electrons creates magnetism
Where there is a magnetic field, electricity can be created
Magnetic flux can create movement of electrons

31. Creating Magnetism From Electricity
Electricity is the flow of electrons
In DC electricity electrons flow in one direction
This alignment of electrons creates a magnetic field around the conductor
Similar to electrons lining up in a permanent magnet
So every wire carrying electricity has a weak magnetic field around it
Coiling the wire concentrates the magnetic field inside the coil

32. Bitter Plates

33. Magnetism Activities For Your Classroom

34. Permanent Magnet Activity
Money is magnetic
Coins are copper-nickel alloy (not magnetic)
Pennies are copper-plated zinc (also not magnetic)
Dollars are printed with iron-rich ink (magnetic!)
Foreign Coins
Canadian, British, Brazilian, Mexican (some)…

35. Permanent Magnet Activity
The Hook:
Blend a $1
Use a NIB magnet
Pull out the iron

36. Temporary Magnet Activities
No rubbing necessary
Magnetism happens almost instantly
They are magnets
North and South
Attract and Repel
Paper Clips remain magnetic
Until something tampers with their field
Field could last years

37. Electromagnets Materials Extensions: Copper wire Iron rod Battery
2 batteries
In line?
Aluminum, wooden rod
Will they work?

38. Electromagnets Extensions:
Right hand rule
Direction of field
Poles (Winding direction)
Variables:
Neatness
Number of winds
Wire gauge
Battery strength
Temperature
Precision

39. Additional Resources

40. Literature Stop Faking It Driving Force Bill Robertson
James D. Livingston

41. A Short History of Nearly Everything
Literature
A Short History of Nearly Everything
Bill Bryson
The Nature of Science
James Trefil

42. Jean Matricon & Georges Waysand
Literature
The Cold Wars
Jean Matricon & Georges Waysand

43. https://nationalmaglab.org/

44. Research Experience for Teachers 2017
June 12th – July 21st
What do you have to do?
Complete online application
Complete program surveys and submit all research data
Send in supporting documents (letter of rec, etc.)
6 weeks in the summer
$3600 stipend

45. Research Experience for Teachers 2017
What does RET entail?
Research in areas such as Superconductivity, Electricity & Magnetism, Design/Construct Research Instruments, run samples in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) magnets.

46. RET Logistics and Arrangements
Housing
Stipend
Travel
Program is open to Elementary, Middle, and High School teachers
Pre-service teacher positions available
Focus of the program
Nature of Science
Inquiry
Communicating in science
Experimental Design
Topics for research
Superconductivity
Electron Scanning Microscopy
Condensed Matter

47. Before I Forget Business cards RET applications:
Please do not hesitate to contact us with questions, ideas, suggestions, etc…
RET applications:

48. Thank You This is a Sub-title Carlos R. Villa
K-12 Education Outreach Coordinator •