CD-R https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

ISO 9660 - Relation to CD-ROM modes
Data in a CD-ROM is structured in tracks, and each data track on a CD-ROM can contain a complete file system in a format such as ISO A CD-ROM can contain several tracks with different file systems in each, or even audio tracks coexisting with tracks containing data file systems.

ISO 9660 - Relation to CD-ROM modes
Tracks are composed of 2,352 bytes long sectors, which have different layouts depending on their type. Tracks with CD-ROM Mode 1 sectors or CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1 sectors, used for computer data, contain 2,048 bytes of actual data per sector, with the rest of the bytes in the sector being used for headers and error correction. Since the ISO 9660 file system is used for computer data, it is usually found on tracks with Mode 1 or Mode 2 Form 1 sectors.

Peter Chen - Memory/storage hierarchy, storage technology, CD-ROM, firmware, micro-programming
His Ph.D. thesis at Harvard was one of the first studies of cost/performance optimization models of memory/storage hierarchies. He was also one of the early micro-programmers developing the firmware for a file control unit for an IBM mainframe computer. His article on "CD-ROM" in IEEE Proceedings journal in the 80s was one of the first articles explaining how CD-ROM worked when CD-ROMs became popular. He was a co-author of the "storage technology" article in a major computer encyclopedia.

CD-ROM A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write on them.

CD-ROM CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including video games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs).

CD-ROM The Yellow Book is the technical standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of color-bound books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats, the Yellow Book, created by Sony and Philips in 1988, was the first extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio. It adapted the format to hold any form of data.

CD-ROM - Media The most common size of CD-ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as numerous non-standard sizes and shapes (e.g., business card-sized media) are also available.

Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations
CD-ROM - Media Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations

CD-ROM - Standard Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications

CD-ROM - Standard ISO is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification (originally defined for audio CD only). This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding (CIRC), eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), and the use of pits and lands for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD.

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format A track (a group of sectors) inside a CD-ROM only contains sectors in the same mode, but if multiple tracks are present in a CD-ROM, each track can have its sectors in a different mode from the rest of the tracks

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format In order to achieve improved error correction and detection, a CD-ROM adds a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for error detection, a and a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correction using a Reed-Solomon Product-like Code (RSPC)

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format Before being stored on a disc with the techniques described above, each CD-ROM sector is scrambled to prevent some problematic patterns from showing up. These scrambled sectors then follow the same encoding process described in the Red Book in order to be finally stored on a CD.

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-DA and CD-ROMs:

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100 Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 channels × 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = kB/s = 150 KiB/s. This value, 150 KiB/s, is defined as "1× speed". Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1× CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second.

CD-ROM - CD-ROM format The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or sectors. Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 682 MB or, equivalently, 650 MiB. For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 737 MB (703 MiB).

CD-ROM - CD-ROM XA extension
CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously. It was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and CD-i (Green Book) and was published by Sony and Philips in "XA" stands for eXtended Architecture.

CD-ROM XA defines two new sector layouts, called Mode 2 Form 1 and Mode 2 Form 2 (which are different from the original Mode 2)

CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1: 12 (Sync pattern) 3 (Address) 1 (Mode) 8 (Subheader) 2,048 (Data) 4 (Error detection) 276 (Error correction)

CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2: 12 (Sync pattern) 3 (Address) 1 (Mode) 8 (Subheader) 2,324 (Data) 4 (Error detection)

CD-ROM - Disc images For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for ISO disc images.

CD-ROM - Disc images On a 74 minute CD-R, it is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747 MiB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or ~650 MiB Red Book CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data.

CD-ROM - Manufacture Pre-pressed CD-ROMs are mass-produced by a process of stamping where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers", which are in turn used to manufacture multiple copies of the final disc with the pits already present. Recordable (CD-R) and rewritable (CD-RW) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby the data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or phase transition material in a process that is often referred to as "burning".

CD-ROM - Capacity CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes, subtracting the space used for error correction data. A standard 120 mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 737 MB (703 MiB) of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7 GB of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs.

CD-ROM - Capacity Capacities of Compact Disc types (90 and 99 minute discs are not standard)

Type Sectors Data max. size Audio max. size Time
CD-ROM - Capacity Type Sectors Data max. size Audio max. size Time

CD-ROM - Capacity Note: megabyte (MB) and minute (min) values are exact; MiB values are approximate.

CD-ROM - CD-ROM drives CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE (ATA), SCSI, SATA, FireWire, or USB interface or a proprietary interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play audio CDs (as well as Video CDs and other data standards) when used in conjunction with the right software.

CD-ROM - Laser and optics
CD-ROM drives employ a near-infrared 780 nm laser diode. The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether the beam has been reflected or scattered.

CD-ROM - Transfer rates
The 1× speed rating for CD-ROM (150 KiB/s) is different than the 1× speed rating for DVDs (1.32 MiB/s).

20× was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until Samsung Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32x CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise

Faster 12× drives were common beginning in early 1997

Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since the late 1990s

Additionally, with a 700 MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2½ minutes at 52× CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment

CD-Recordable drives are often sold with three different speed ratings, one speed for write-once operations, one for re-write operations, and one for read-only operations. The speeds are typically listed in that order; i.e. a 12×/10×/32× CD drive can, CPU and media permitting, write to CD-R discs at 12× speed (1.76 MiB/s), write to CD-RW discs at 10× speed (1.46 MiB/s), and read from CDs at 32× speed (4.69 MiB/s).

72× 6,750–10,800 up to up to ,000 (multi-beam)

CD-ROM - Copyright issues
The CD-ROM itself may contain "weak" sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive.

CD-ROM - Copyright issues
Manufacturers of CD writers (CD-R or CD-RW) are encouraged by the music industry to ensure that every drive they produce has a unique identifier, which will be encoded by the drive on every disc that it records: the RID or Recorder Identification Code. This is a counterpart to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character code beginning with "IFPI" that is usually stamped on discs produced by CD recording plants.

Introduction to Algorithms - CD-ROM
The second edition of the book published by McGraw-Hill is available with a companion CD-ROM including examples in Java.

Compact Disc - CD-ROM For the first few years of its existence, the CD was a medium used purely for audio. However, in 1985 the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard was established by Sony and Philips, which defined a non-volatile optical data computer data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.

TurboGrafx-16 - CD-ROM accessories
**White briefcase design matching the style of the original PC Engine. A special adaptor, named , is required to connect it to the SuperGrafx.

TurboGrafx-16 - CD-ROM accessories
**A grey-colored CD attachment system add-on, with built-in SystemCard 3.0 to play all Super CD-ROM² games in addition to CD-ROM² game formats. It can be connected directly to the rear pinouts of the original white PC Engine, the PC Engine CoreGrafx, CoreGrafx2, and lastly the SuperGrafx. A special adaptor, named , is required to connect it to the PC-Engine-LT. However, the Super CD-ROM² tend to be much more difficult to find.

TurboGrafx-16 - Corresponding CD-ROM products
*PC-Engine Interface Unit (IFU-30), came with System Card (CD-ROM² System, v1.00)

TurboGrafx-16 - Corresponding CD-ROM products
*SuperGrafx ROM Adapter Unit (RAU-30), a cable with two large ends that allows connecting the SuperGrafx to the IFU-30

CD-ROM XA A 'CD-ROM' is a pre-pressed compact disc which contains Computer data storage|data. The name is an acronym and initialism|acronym which stands for 'Compact Disc Read-Only Memory'. Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write on them.

CD-ROM XA Until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers and History of video game consoles (fourth generation)|video game consoles. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a Compact Disc Player|CD player, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs).

CD-ROM XA The Yellow Book is the technical standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of Rainbow Books|color-bound books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats, the Yellow Book, created by Sony and Philips in 1988, was the first extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio. It adapted the format to hold any form of data.

CD-ROM XA - Media The most common size of CD-ROM is 120mm in diameter, though the smaller Mini CD standard with an 80mm diameter, as well as numerous non-standard sizes and shapes (e.g., business card-sized media) are also available.

Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations
CD-ROM XA - Media Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations

CD-ROM XA - Standard Other standards, such as the White Book (CD standard)|White Book for Video CDs, further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications

CD-ROM XA - Standard The bootable CD specification, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito (CD-ROM standard)|El Torito.

CD-ROM XA - CD-ROM format
Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard Compact Disc Digital Audio#Data encoding|CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification (originally defined for Compact Disc Digital Audio|audio CD only). This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding (CIRC), eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), and the use of Compact disc#Physical details|pits and lands for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD.

In order to achieve improved error correction and detection, a CD-ROM adds a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for error detection, a and a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correctionNote that the Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding|CIRC error correction system used in the CD audio format has two interleaved layers

The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100Hz × 16 bits/sample × 2 Audio channel|channels × 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = 153.6kB/s = 150KiB/s. This value, 150 KiB/s, is defined as 1× speed. Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1× CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second.

The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or disk sector|sectors. Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 682Megabyte|MB or, equivalently, 650Mebibyte|MiB. For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 737 MB (703 MiB).

CD-ROM XA - CD-ROM XA extension
CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously.[ What are CD-ROM Mode-1, Mode-2 and XA?], Sony Storage Support It was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and CD-i (Green Book (CD-interactive standard)|Green Book) and was published by Sony and Philips in XA stands for eXtended Architecture.

CD-ROM XA - Disc images For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for ISO image|ISO disc images.

CD-ROM XA - Disc images On a 74 minute CD-R, it is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747MiB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or ~650MiB Red Book CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data.

CD-ROM XA - Manufacture
Recordable (CD-R) and rewritable (CD-RW) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby the data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or phase transition material in a process that is often referred to as Optical disc authoring|burning.

CD-ROM XA - Capacity CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with binary prefixes, subtracting the space used for error correction data. A standard 120mm, 700 MB CD-ROM can actually hold about 737MB (703MiB) of data with error correction (or 847MB total). In comparison, a single-layer DVD-ROM can hold 4.7GB of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs.

CD-ROM XA - CD-ROM drives
CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE (Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA), SCSI, Serial ATA|SATA, IEEE 1394 interface|FireWire, or Universal Serial Bus|USB interface or a proprietary interface, such as the Panasonic CD interface. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play Red Book (audio CD standard)|audio CDs (as well as Video CDs and other data standards) when used in conjunction with the right software.

CD-ROM XA - Laser and optics
CD-ROM drives employ a near-infrared 780nanometre|nm laser diode. The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether the beam has been reflected or scattered.

CD-ROM XA - Transfer rates
The 1× speed rating for CD-ROM (150KiB/s) is different than the 1× speed rating for DVDs (1.32MiB/s).

For example, a CD-ROM drive that can read at 8× speed spins the disc at 1600 to 4000rpm, giving a linear velocity of 9.6m/s and a transfer rate of 1200KiB/s

20× was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until Samsung Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32x CD-ROM drive which uses a ball bearing (mechanical)|bearing system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise

Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since the late 1990s

Additionally, with a 700MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2½ minutes at 52× CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment

CD-ROM XA - Copyright issues
The CD-ROM itself may contain weak sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive.

CD-R A 'CD-R' ('Compact Disc-Recordable') is a variation of the compact disc invented by Philips and Sony. CD-R is a Write Once Read Many (WORM) optical medium, although the whole disk does not have to be entirely written in the same session.

CD-R CD-R retains a high level of compatibility with standard CD readers, unlike CD-RW which can be re-written, but is not capable of playing on many readers.

CD-R - History To the extent that CD hardware can read extended-length discs or CD-RW discs, it is because that hardware has capability beyond the minimum required by the Red Book and Yellow Book standards (the hardware is more capable than it needs to be to bear the Compact Disc logo).

CD-R - History By 1992, the cost of typical recorders was down to $10–12,000, and in September 1995, Hewlett-Packard introduced its model 4020i manufactured by Philips, which, at $995, was the first recorder to cost less than $1000.[ Roxio history of CD-R] from Roxio Newsletter 17 January 2000

CD-R - History The dye materials developed by Taiyo Yuden made it possible for CD-R discs to be compatible with Audio CD and CD-ROM discs.

CD-R - History Initially, in the United States, there was a market separation between music CD-Rs and data CD-Rs, the former being several times more expensive than the latter due to industry copyright arrangements with the RIAA.[ A New Spin], TIME Magazine, August 24, 1998 Physically, there is no difference between the discs save for the Disc Application Flag that identifies their type: standalone audio recorders will only accept music CD-Rs to enforce the RIAA arrangement, while computer CD-R drives can use either type of media to burn either type of content.

CD-R - Physical characteristics
CD-R/RWs are available with capacities of 80 minutes of audio or 737,280,000 bytes (700 MB), which they achieve by molding the disc at the tightest allowable tolerances specified in the Orange Book (CD standard)|Orange Book CD-R/CD-RW standards

Despite the foregoing, most CD-Rs on the market have an 80 minute capacity

Some drives use special techniques, such as Plextor's GigaRec or Sanyo's HD-BURN, to write more data onto a given disc; these techniques are inherently deviations from the Compact Disc (Red, Yellow, and/or Orange Book) standards, making the recorded discs proprietary-formatted and not fully compatible with standard CD players and drives

Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book standards prohibits disc reading/writing devices from having the capacity to read or write discs beyond the Compact Disc standards

The polycarbonate disc contains a spiral groove, called the pregroove (because it is molded in before data are written to the disc), to guide the laser beam upon writing and reading information

The pregroove is not destroyed when the data are written to the CD-R, a point which some copy protection schemes use to distinguish copies from an original CD.

There are three basic formulations of dye used in CD-Rs:

A common mistake users make is to leave the CD-Rs with the clear (recording) surface upwards, in order to protect it from scratches, as this lets the sun hit the recording surface directly.

Unlike cyanine, phthalocyanine is less resistant to UV rays and CD-Rs based on this dye show signs of degradation only after two weeks of direct sunlight exposure

Azo dye is also chemically stable, and Azo CD-Rs are typically rated with a lifetime of decades

There are many hybrid variations of the dye formulations, such as Formazan by Kodak (a hybrid of cyanine and phthalocyanine).

Unfortunately, many manufacturers have added additional coloring to disguise their unstable cyanine CD-Rs in the past, so the formulation of a disc cannot be determined based purely on its color

These times only include the actual optical writing pass over the disc
CD-R - Speed These times only include the actual optical writing pass over the disc

CD-R - Speed Also, above 20× speed, drives use a Constant linear velocity#Zoned Constant Linear Velocity|Zoned-CLV or CAV strategy, where the advertised maximum speed is only reached near the outer rim of the disc. This is not taken into account by the above table. (If this were not done, the faster rotation that would be required at the inner tracks could cause the disc to fracture and/or could cause excessive vibration which would make accurate and successful writing impossible.)

CD-R - Writing methods The blank disc has a pre-groove track onto which the data are written. The pre-groove track, which also contains timing information, ensures that the recorder follows the same spiral

A CD-R can be recorded in multiple sessions.
CD-R - Writing methods A CD-R can be recorded in multiple sessions.

A CD recorder can write to a CD-R using several methods including:
CD-R - Writing methods A CD recorder can write to a CD-R using several methods including:

CD-R - Writing methods # Disc At Once – the whole CD-R is written in one session with no gaps and the disc is closed meaning no more data can be added and the CD-R effectively becomes a standard read-only CD. With no gaps between the tracks the Disc At Once format is useful for live audio recordings.

CD-R - Writing methods # Track At Once – data are written to the CD-R one track at a time but the CD is left open for further recording at a later stage. It also allows data and audio to reside on the same CD-R.

CD-R - Writing methods # Packet Writing – used to record data to a CD-R in packets, allowing extra information to be appended to a disc at a later time, or for information on the disc to be made invisible. In this way, CD-R can emulate CD-RW; however, each time information on the disc is altered, more data has to be written to the disc. There can be compatibility issues with this format and some CD drives.

CD-R - Writing methods With careful examination, the written and unwritten areas can be distinguished by the naked eye. CD-Rs are written from the center outwards, so the written area appears as an inner band with slightly different shading.

CD-R - Lifespan Perdereau, CD-Rs are expected to have an average life expectancy of 10 years

CD-R - Lifespan As well as degradation of the dye, failure of a CD-R can be due to the reflective surface. While silver is less expensive and more widely used, it is more prone to oxidation resulting in a non-reflecting surface. Gold on the other hand, although more expensive and no longer widely used, is an inert material, so gold-based CD-Rs do not suffer from this problem. Manufacturers have estimated that the longevity of gold-based CD-Rs to be as high as 100 years.,

CD-R - Labeling It is recommended if using adhesive-backed paper labels that the labels be specially made for CD-Rs. A balanced CD vibrates only slightly when rotated at high speed. Bad or improperly made labels, or labels applied off-center, unbalance the CD and can cause it to vibrate when it spins, which causes read errors and even risks damaging the drive.

CD-R - Labeling A professional alternative to CD labels is pre-printed CDs using a 5-color silkscreen or offset press. Using a permanent marker pen is also a common practice. However, solvents from such pens can affect the dye layer.

CD-R - Data confidentiality
Since CD-Rs in general cannot be logically erased to any degree, the disposal of CD-Rs presents a possible security issue if they contain sensitive / private data

CD-R - Data confidentiality
Some recent burners (Plextor, LiteOn) support erase operations on -R media, by overwriting the stored data with strong laser power, although the erased area cannot be overwritten with new data.

CD-R - Recycling The polycarbonate material and possible gold or silver in the reflective layer would make CD-Rs highly recyclable. However, the polycarbonate is of very little value and the quantity of precious metals is so small that it is not profitable to recover them. Consequently, recyclers that accept CD-Rs typically do not offer compensation for donating or transporting the materials.

El Torito (CD-ROM standard)
The 'El Torito Bootable CD Specification' is an extension to the ISO 9660 CD-ROM specification. It is designed to allow a computer to booting|boot from a CD-ROM. It was announced in November 1994

El Torito (CD-ROM standard)
and first issued in January 1995 as a joint proposal by IBM and BIOS manufacturer Phoenix Technologies.

El Torito (CD-ROM standard) - Boot modes
According to the El Torito specification, a 32-bit CPU IBM PC|PC BIOS will search for boot code on an ISO 9660 CD-ROM

The BIOS will assign a BIOS drive number to the CD drive. The drive number (for INT 13H|INT 13h) assigned is any of 80 (hard disk emulation), 00 (floppy disk emulation) or an arbitrary number if the BIOS should not provide emulation.

Emulation allows older operating systems to be booted from a CD, by making it appear to them as if they were booted from a hard or floppy disk.

El Torito (CD-ROM standard) - Etymology
According to legend, the El Torito CD/DVD extension to ISO 9660 gained its name, because its design originated in an El Torito restaurant in Irvine, California ( , ).

El Torito (CD-ROM standard) - Etymology
The initial two authors were Curtis Stevens, of Phoenix Technologies, and Stan Merkin, of IBM.

CD-RW A 'CD-RW' (Compact Disc-ReWritable) is a rewritable optical disc. It was introduced in 1997, and was known as CD-Writable during development. It was preceded by the #CD-MO|CD-MO, which was never commercially released.

CD-RW It may be possible to recover data from full-blanked CD-RWs with specialty data recovery equipment; however, this is generally not used except by government agencies due to cost.

CD-RW CD-RW also have a shorter rewriting cycles life (ca. 1,000) compared to virtually all of the previously exposed types storage of media (typically well above 10,000 or even 100,000), something which however is less of a drawback considering that CD-RWs are usually written and erased in their totality, and not with repeated small scale changes, so normally wear leveling is not an issue.

CD-RW Their ideal usage field is in the creation of test disks, temporary short or mid-term backups, and in general, where an intermediate solution between online and offline storage schemes is required.

CD-RW - CD-MO Prior to the introduction of the CD-RW technology, a standard for magneto-optical recordable and erasable CDs called CD-MO was introduced in 1990 and set in the Rainbow Books|Orange Book, part 1, and was basically a CD with a magneto-optical recording layer. The CD-MO standard also allowed for an optional non-erasable zone on the disk, which could be read by normal CD-ROM reader units.

CD-RW - CD-MO This was also the first major flaw of this format: it could be read in only special drives and was physically incompatible with non magneto-optical enabled drives, in a much more radical way than the later CD-RWs.

CD-RW - CD-MO The format was never released commercially, mostly because of its inherent incompatibility with standard CD reading units. A similar situation was also present for early CD-R media, which suffered from either physical or logical incompatibilities.

CD-RW - CD-MO Unlike modern CD-RWs, CD-MO allowed for hybrid disks containing both an unmodifiable, pressed section, readable in standard drives and a writable MO section.

CD-RW - CD-MO Other kinds of magneto-optical media, unbound by the limitations of the typical CD-ROM filesystems, took the place intended for CD-MO.

CD-RW - Mechanism of action
The CD-RW technology is based on the Phase transition|phase change technology, so the degree of reflection reached is only , compared to the reflection from CD-R discs.[ gte.net - Frequently asked questions about hardware] The properties of the medium and the write and erase procedure is defined in the Rainbow Books|Orange Book Part III.

To keep rotational speed precise any track have a slight superimposed Sine wave|sinusoidal excursion of at a frequency of . In addition an frequency modulation is applied to provide the recorder with an absolute time reference. The grooves have a width of and pitch of .

The lost reflectivity serves the same function as bumps on a manufactured CDs and the opaque spots on a CD-R which will be read as a 0.[ howstuffworks.com - How CD Burners Work] The polycrystalline state of the disk forms the trenches, which is read as 1

CD-RW - Speed specifications
Like CD-R, CD-RW have hardcoded speed specifications which limit the allowable recording speeds to certain fairly restrictive ranges, but unlike the former they also have a 'minimum' writing speed under which the disks cannot be reliably recorded, something dictated by the phase change material's heating and cooling time constants, and the required laser energy levels.

Since the CD-RW discs need to be blanked either entirely or on the fly before recording actual data, writing too slowly or with too low energy on a high speed unblanked disc will cause the phase change layer to cool off before blanking has been achieved, preventing the actual data from being reliably written.

Similarly, using inappropriately high amounts of laser energy will cause the material to get overheated and become insensitive to the actual data, a situation which is typical of slower discs used in a higher powered faster specification drive.

The actual reading speed of CD-RW disks, however, is not directly correlated or bound to its speed specification, but depends first and foremost on the reading drive's capabilities, as with CD-R discs.

Copy protection - 1990s CD-R
Floppy disks were replaced by CDs as the preferred method of distribution, with companies like Macrovision and Sony providing copy protection schemes that work by writing data to places on the CD-ROM where a CD-R drive cannot normally write. Such a scheme has been used for the PlayStation and cannot be circumvented easily without the use of a modchip.

Copy protection - 1990s CD-R
For software publishers, a less expensive method of copy protection is to write the software so that it requires some evidence from the user that they have actually purchased the software, usually by asking a question that only a user with a software manual could answer (for example, What is the 4th word on the 6th line of page 37?)

Urs App - CD-Rom Kyoto: International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism, 1995 (ISBN X; pioneering CD-ROM with over eighty Chinese Zen textshttp:// review in the Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23/1-2 (Spring 1996), pp

Voyager Company - CD-ROMs
* All My Hummingbirds Have Alibis By Morton Subotnick ([ Demo])

* [ American] [ Poetry] The Nineteenth Century ([ Demo])

* Amnesty International|Amnesty [ Interactive] ([ Demo])

* The CD Companion To Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's String Quartet No. 19 (Mozart)|Dissonant Quartet ([ Demo])

* [ Circus!: An Interactive Cartoon] ([ Demo])

* Maus|The Complete Maus ([ Demo])

* Sponsored film|Ephemeral Films (incorporating two previously-released titles, To New Horizons and You Can't Get There From Here) ([ Demo])

* Exotic Japan - A Guide to Japanese Culture and Language by Nikki Yokokura

* Qin Shi Huang|First Emperor of China ([ Demo])

* First Person: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine Donald Norman, three Norman books and a number of technical papers ([ Demo])

* First Person: Mumia Abu-Jamal, Live from Death Row ([ Demo])

* Invisible Universe, starring Dr. Fiorella Terenzi

* Laurie Anderson's Puppet Motel ([ Clip])

* Our Secret Century: The Darker Side of the American Dream (12 discs, 2 unreleased, of films and collateral material from Prelinger Archives

* People Weekly - 20 Amazing Years Of Pop Culture ([ Demo])

* The Residents Freak Show/Freak Show Soundtrack|Freak Show ([ Demo])

* [ Silly Noisy House]

* [ So I've Heard: A Collector's Guide to Compact Discs]

* Stephen Jay Gould On Evolution ([ Demo])

* Theatre of the Imagination: Radio Stories by Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre

* Understanding Marshall McLuhan|McLuhan ([ Demo])

* The Voyager Audiostack

PC PowerPlay - CD-ROM version, DVD-ROM version and Disc-less version
Currently the magazine publishes two separate versions each issue. One is a plain magazine, while the other more expensive version includes a double-sided DVD10#Capacity|DVD-ROM disc, totalling up to a possible 9.4 gigabytes of demos, Mod (computer gaming)|mods and/or other content.

The magazine launched in 1996 with a 640 Megabyte CD-ROM cover disc, which was upgraded in 2000 to a double CD-ROM set.

The DVD-ROM edition joined the lineup in 2002 alongside the CD-ROM version for three years, the CD-ROM version finally ceased production in 2005.

The November 2005 edition included the first discless magazine at a little over half the price of the DVD-ROM version.

While sales were not spectacular, dropping the CD-ROM did slow the rate of decline of the non-DVD-ROM version of the magazine.

This saw subscriptions being offered for the disc-less version at half the sale price.

The Bunker was a section of the DVD-ROM originally compiled each month by ROM, a respected member of the PCPP online community. However, following his retirement from the position (announced in issue #143), The Bunker undertook a drastic transformation and became the PCPP Community Bunker. Readers and members of the online community produced and were actively encouraged to submit to the section.

The Bunker was replaced in 2009 with a streamlined Applications and Utilities section.

Copyright law of Japan - Copyright-protected CDs on CD-ROMs
Once implemented, it may become impossible to play copyright-protected CDs on the CD-ROM drive of a computer.

Shovelware - Shovelware CD-ROMs
Some CD-ROM computer games had moderately sized games that did not fill the disc, which enabled the manufacturer to bundle demo versions of their other products on the same disc.

Shovelware - Shovelware CD-ROMs
The prevalence of shovelware has decreased due to the practice of downloading individual programs from a crowdsourced or curated app store becoming the predominant mode of software distribution. It continues in some cases with bundled software|bundled or pre-installed software, where many extra programs of dubious quality and usefulness are included with a piece of hardware.

History of personal computers - CD-ROM
In the early 1990s, the CD-ROM became an Technical standard|industry standard, and by the mid-1990s one was built into almost all desktop computers, and towards the end of the 1990s, in laptops as well

Yellow Book (CD standard) - CD-ROM format
In order to achieve improved error correction and detection, a CD-ROM adds a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code for error detection, and a third layer of Reed–Solomon error correctionNote that the Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding|CIRC error correction system used in the CD audio format has two interleaved layers

Sound and Vision (compilation) - CD-Video/CD-ROM
# John, I'm Only Dancing (Live) (previously unreleased) – 2:40

# Changes (Live) (previously unreleased) – 3:20

# The Supermen (Live) (previously unreleased) – 2:43

Fantasy Empires - CD-ROM Version Differences
The 'true' CD-ROM version doubled the digitized voice samples available for the Dungeon Master, and had an animated/spoken introduction sequence. Players could additionally also select their shield marker designs. Three new terrain types (Broken Lands/Black Sands/Swamp) were added to the game; along with three strategy spells (Dispel Evil/Obscure/Timestop) and six battle spells (Disintegrate/Transmute Flesh to Stone/Resist Fire/Striking/Metal to Wood/Warp Wood).

It's No Good - CD-R: Reprise / n/a (US)
# It's No Good (Club 69 Mix/BRAT Radio Edit) (4:08)

CD-ROM drive A 'CD-ROM' is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains Computer data storage|data. The name is an acronym and initialism|acronym which stands for 'Compact Disc Read-Only Memory'. Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write on the CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable.

Home (Depeche Mode song) - CD-R: Tape-To-Tape / Bong 27 (UK)
# Home (Instrumental) (3:59)

List of Konami games - PC-Engine (Super CD-ROM²)
:* Gradius II|Gradius II: Gofer no Yabō

Phase Two: Slowboat to Hades - CD-ROM features
* 16 full-screen games from Gorillaz' website: Russel's Animal Kwackers, Bowling, Russel's Cookie Eating, Darts, Dirty Harry, Helly-Drop, Identikit, Operation, Potato, Santa Sleigher, Pumpomatic, Shooting Range, Mahjong, Murdoc's Attache, Tiles of the Unexpected and Bonesy Apple Bobbing.

Light + Shade - U-MYX CD-ROM tracks
* Our Father (U-MYX version)

* Slipstream (U-MYX version)

* Angelique (U-MYX version)

King's Quest V: Absence Makes the Heart Go Yonder! - CD-ROM version
In another example, Cedric is killed by Mordack's wand magic in the CD-ROM adaptation instead of turning into stone in the floppy version or any other adaptations; and Mordack simply leaves Graham's family to rot in said CD-ROM adaptation instead of threatening to feed them to Manannan in the floppy version or any other adaptations.

Many of the characters have close up pictures (taken from the floppy) that were given various colored backgrounds behind them, and a frame around them (though the frame cuts off some details).

The snake is even given a close up picture for its new speaking parts. A few of the characters are given more lines.

The CD is mastered in the High Sierra Format, unrelated to the Sierra Entertainment|publisher's name.

For More Information, Visit:
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