1. Justizvollzug und Reintegrierung
in Norwegen
Meißen, 28 Januar 2017
Gerhard Ploeg
Kriminalomsorgsdirektorat Norwegen

2. some relevant characteristics
Norway -
some relevant characteristics
Welfare-based:
About 1 million public servants (= ca. 30 %)
Strange geography:
N–S: 2,500 km
E–W: between 700 and 6 km
Low population density:
5.2 million - 15 per km2
81 million – 230 per km2
High income:
per capita GDP $ 68,400
2.8 % unemployed
$ 46, %
Source: CIA World Fact Book, January 2017 2

3. Offences reported to the police
Per 1,000 inhabitants
Source: Statistics Norway

4. Type of offences 2014
Source: Statistics Norway

5. Court sanctions 2014
Source: Statistics Norway

6. Length of prison sentences, 2014
Source: Statistics Norway

7. New admissions, 2016 As to age category Total = 6 817
Source: KOMPIS, own registration system

8. Inmate categories
Per
Source: KOMPIS, own registration system

9. Prison Numbers Average daily number of prisoners and
prison – population rate in some countries
Country
Prison population
Per 1,00,000
USA
2,218,000
693
Russia
640,000
440
England & Wales
84,900
145
Germany
63,100 76
Norway
3,900 74
USA and Russia extremely high numbers per 100,000 inhabitants. The Scandinavian countries that have low positions on this list. Sweden has 74, Finland 64 and Denmark 63. Numbers for Norway are not updated, due to recent increase in remand prisoners the rate will be around 80 pr 100,000 now.
Source: ICPR World Prison Brief, January 2017 9

10. SECURITY REHABILITATION Goals The Correctional Services are
responsible for carrying out
remands in custody and
penal sanctions
in a way that takes into consideration
the security of all citizens and
attempts to prevent recidivism
by enabling the offenders,
through their own initiatives,
to change their criminal behaviour.
SECURITY
REHABILITATION

11. Organisation Ministry of Justice Directorate of Correctional Service
Regional offices (5)
Prisons and Probation Offices 11

12. Capacity Prisons: 44 Locations: 64 Probation Offices: 15 Locations: 38
From 392 to 12 cells
About 2/3 higher security
No separate remand institutions
Regionalisation
Daily cost: € 280 high security, € 180 lower
No overcrowding

13. Prison «Waiting list» 2006 - 2012

14. Prison «Waiting list» 2012 - now

15. Norgerhaven prison 242 extra cells Rented for 3 years
75 % foreign national prisoners
242 extra cells

16. Percentage of foreign national prisoners
Source: KOMPIS, own registration system

17. Staff Ca. 4,000 fte working in prisons Ca. 2,800 in uniform
Ca. 40 % of uniformed staff is female
Ca. 350 fte working in probation
Ca. 440 fte in Staff Academy and ICT-service
SOME 4600 PERSONS
NORWAY USES THE IMPORT MODEL FOR EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH SERVICES: NO SPECIFIC EMPLOYEES OF THEIR OWN, BUT LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH SERVICES COME INTO THE PRISON AT SPECIFIC TIMES.
THIS SAVES MONEY AND CREATES A BETTER TRANSFER FROM PRISON TO FREEDOM BECAUSE THE CONTACT ESTABLISHED IN PRISON MAY BE CARRIED ON OUTSIDE.
THE RELEASED PRISONER DOES NOT HAVE TO ESTABLISH CONTACT WITH THE SERVICE OUTSIDE, THEY ALREADY KNOW HIM. THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN THE CASE OF ADDICTION PROBLEMS.
THE STUDENTS AT THE CORRECTIONAL SERVICES STAFF ACADEMY, TRAINING TO BECOME PRISON OFFICERS, ARE REGARDED AS EMPLOYEES AND RECEIVE FULL PAYMENT DURING THEIR TRAINING.

18. Prison officer training
Two-year education at academic level
Psychology, sociology, criminology, law, social work
Conflict management, ethics and human rights
Post-training courses in various working methods and programmes
Salary during education
Written tests on application day: i.a. why do we punish? What does tolerance mean to you? Which social problems are you interested in?
Every year some 200 students are admitted from between 1200 and 2500 applicants.

19. Rehabilitation in legislation
Art. 4 in the Act on the Execution of Sentences:
“The Correctional Services shall by engaging in cooperation with other public services arrange for convicted persons and persons in custody on remand to receive the services to which they are statutorily entitled. Such cooperation shall lead to a coordinated effort to supply the needs of convicted persons and persons in custody on remand and to assist them to adjust to society.”

20. Central principles Principle of normality Progression towards release
Import of services
Reduce the use of prison
Rehabilitation
Discretionary powers in implementation

21. Principle of normality
Essential in the approach to corrections
The only right one loses is the freedom of movement
All other rights as an inhabitant of Norway remain in place
Limited by security considerations and resources

22. Principle of normality
The punishment is the deprivation of liberty
Security: enough is enough
A life as normal as possible

23. Inmate’s living conditions (2014)
Addicted on entry
Low education
Unemployed on release
No place to live on release
Below povertyline on release
60 %
70 %
58 %
24 %
40 %

24. Reintegration guarantee /-work
A place to live
Some form of income
Identity papers
If relevant an offer of:
Education
Employment
Health services
Addiction treatment
Debt counselling
Network development

25. Import model
Medical, educational, employment, clerical and library services etc. are provided from the community outside
Budget
Continuity
Involvement of the community
Co-operating with voluntary organisations 25

26. Ullersmo prison – 190 cells
Import model: example
Ullersmo prison – 190 cells
Medical services
Ullensaker municipal health service, organised as a health department in prison, offers:
General medical services, necessary medication, preventive work, follow-up of chronically ill inmates, referral to specialists, follow-up of inmates with mental health issues (1 psyciatrist, 3 psychologists)
Specialist services provided by Regional Medical Agency
Akershus District level supplies dentist services
Housing services
Provided at national and municipal level

27. Ullersmo prison – 190 cells
Import model: example
Ullersmo prison – 190 cells
Employment services
Provided by municipal employment and social security services
Education
Provided by Jessheim Advanced Secondary School
Library services
Provided by Library Services Akershus district
Religious services
Provided by Fjellhamar congregation
No imam provided by the state
Voluntary organisations
Red Cross, Salvation Army, WayBack and many more

28. Reintegration co-ordinators
27 over the whole country
Located in larger prisons and probation offices
Co-operation with
Contact officer
Work-, education- and health department
Municipal social, health and employment services
Voluntary organisations
Probation office

29. Service market
One specific spot in prison with various and at given times readily available services/offers from:
Education, healthcare, employment, social services
Voluntary organizations
Managed by the the reintegration coordinator 29

30. Challenges Insufficient regionalisation
Transfers for various reasons - progression
«Slipping zone» – right after release
Insufficient possibilities for work-training
Break in education on transfer or release
Security restrictions in education
Long waiting-lists for health treatment
Differences in levels and organisation between social- and employment services in different municipalities
Differences in program-activity per prison

31. Proposals for a solution
Increase predictability
Introduce an obligation to warn service providers in case of transfer or release
Develop digital services – video, internet
Close(r) co-operation with employment services and housing services
Improve information sharing
Develop a more «seamless» correctional service
Clarify responsibilities
(Further) Develop an assessment instrument

32. A new assessment instrument
«BRIK»
Computer-based
Rooted in desistance theory
Focus on strong points, resources, competence
Criminogenic factors
Self-defined problem areas
«Good life model»
Restorative practice
Co-operative model
Positive approach, establishing relationship
Starting point for case-management
Ca 1500 BRIK-assessments have been done, very positive reactions

33. Recidivism
All prisoners released and all community sentences started in 2005
Follow-up period of two years
Recidivism = new conviction to prison or community sentence
Source: ”Retur”, Nordic Research Group, 2010 33

34. Recidivism
Source: ”Retur”, Nordic Research Group, 2010 34

35. The right direction??

36. Thank you for your attention!
tel 36 36