1. Smooth sailing through the sea of words
Hugh Dellar
National Geographic Learning / Lexical Lab

2. Put the words in each group in order of frequency. You have two minutes.
1 ambitious / fun / serious / hard-working
2 arise / supermarket / store / beard
3 trademark / controversy / criticism / headline
4 paramedic / contend / Muslim / whereby
5 singer / in terms of / after the / by the time

3. You have three minutes to write examples of some of these words / structures.
ambitious
beard
Muslim
paramedic
criticism
The past continuous
arise
in terms of
whereby

4. Assessing frequency serious fun ambitious hard-working 122 52 16 2
arise store supermarket beard
criticism controversy headline trademark
whereby Muslim contend paramedic
after the in terms of by the time singer
Numbers refer to occurrences per million in BNC:
source phrasesinenglish.org / Macmillan dictionary

5. The attraction of simple examples
She is ambitious.
He has a beard.
She is Muslim.
He is a paramedic.
She faces a lot of criticism.
The phone rang while I was having a bath.
A problem has arisen.
My job is bad in terms of money.
whereby ….

6. Explaining the attraction
availability bias
representational bias / simple X is Y pattern
(ELT) priming

7. Why it might be a problem
Frequent words:
- are what students will see / hear and want to speak / write.
- might be the ‘glue’ as much as grammar.
Single words / simple examples:
- may not illustrate meaning.
- may not reflect actual use.
- will not provide sufficient exposure to grammar!
will not recycle frequent words sufficiently.
We crave simplicity and yet chess masters & the 10,000 hours

8. Getting better at judging frequency
Google
Find a friend

9. Getting better at giving examples:
START with collocation
ambitious
adverb - adjective
adjective - noun

10. What about collocations of collocations?
extremely, hugely, overly, too, wildly
ruthlessly
artistically, politically, socially
attempt, plan, programme, proposal, venture
aim, goal, target
adv - adj - noun
adj - noun - verb
verb -adj - noun
noun - verb - adj - noun

11. From collocation to story to example
overly ambitious
face criticism

12. How did the workshop go?
> I was overly ambitious as usual. I didn’t do half of what I’d planned.
> It was OK, but I was overly ambitious and I ran out of time / I didn’t finish
Cameron has faced a lot of criticism about his leadership, because he’s seen as arrogant.

13. Ask yourself . . . When? Why? Who to?
beard
Muslim
paramedic
whereby

14. Who was the guy with the beard? I haven’t seen him before.
As a Muslim, I believe we have a responsibility to help others.
When the paramedics arrived, his heart had stopped beating. They got it going again and then rushed him to hospital.
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.

15. From examples to noticing: grammar
Who was the guy with the beard? I haven’t seen him before.
As a Muslim, I believe we have a responsibility to help everyone.
When the paramedics arrived his heart had stopped beating, they got it going again and then rushed him to hospital.
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine
How did the workshop go?
>OK, but I was overly ambitious as usual and I ran out of time / I didn’t finish
Cameron has faced a lot of criticism about his leadership, because he’s seen as arrogant and out-of-touch.

16. Why haven’t seen him before?
Why had stopped beating not stopped beating?
Why a person is made immune not a person made immune?

17. From examples to noticing: patterns and vocabulary
Who was the guy with the beard? I haven’t seen him before.
As a Muslim, I believe we have a responsibility to help everyone.
When the paramedics arrived his heart had stopped beating, they got it going again and then rushed him to hospital.
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine
How did the workshop go?
> OK, but I was overly ambitious as usual and I ran out of time / I didn’t finish
Cameron has faced a lot of criticism about his leadership, because he’s seen as arrogant and out-of-touch.

18. Who was the guy with ………..? I haven’t seen him before.
As a ………., I believe ……. .
When the paramedics arrived...
… stopped / broke down .... got it going again
rush him to hospital
…….. is the process whereby ...
resistant to
an infectious disease, [academic language]
How did …. go?
as usual / ran out of time
faced a lot of criticism about ...
…. Is seen as (being) …

19. Questions that check understanding and generate language
Why might you ... face a lot of criticism?
How might you feel if ... you run out of time in an exam?
What might you say if ... you’re asked how an interview went?
What happens if ... a person is ruthlessly ambitious?
What's the opposite of ... a highly infectious disease?
What verbs go with ... beard?
What else .... might paramedics often do?
Exploring networks around words create alternative kinds of lexical sets.

20. Problems with traditional lexical sets
– A focus on topic vocabulary will tend towards the less frequent. Less useful? Less efficient?
– Learning words in hyponomous sets or similar may be less efficient. May also be less easy to turn into usage and conversation
– The way we organise things is not how we acquire them.
– The brain organises language in lots of different networks.
– When we are ‘texting’ rather than categorising we use different networks.
– Collocations / groups of words may have different networks to single words. They may be as easy to learn as single words.

21. Some final thoughts
Recognizing what’s frequent and useful is not a given.
Giving good examples is difficult especially if they require complex sentences.
Need to notice and plan language within coursebooks.

22. And some final tips . . . 1 Plan what language - not what activity.
2 Plan not just to complete aims, but to allow for students’ talk.
3 Think about what students might say in Speaking tasks.
4 Write dialogues for particular situations.
5 Brainstorm new lexical sets / networks.
6 Write your own exercises.
Find a buddy and ...
7 Discuss interesting errors you came across.
8 Discuss interesting questions I was asked in class today.
9 Discuss new language you'd never taught / thought about teaching until it came up in class.
10 Discuss what you learnt about your students.