2. Evolution(don’t be afraid) and Classification
Diversity of Life
Evolution(don’t be afraid)
and Classification

3. Title: Birds & Beetles INB Pg. 98
Introduction: In a particular environment there lives a species of bird and a species of beetle. The bird species likes to eat all of the beetle types. Since both birds and beetles produce eggs and sperm, reproduce sexually, and suffer mutations, the individuals in the populations vary from one another.
Birds tend to vary in their beak type.
Beetles tend to vary in their color
Task: You will study how the predator / prey relationship causes a bird species and beetle species to change over time.

4. Title: Birds & Beetles Make the following tables on INB pg. 98
Generation
Bird Beak Type
Clothespin
Knife
Fork
Spoon 1 2 3
4…. 8
Generation
Beetle Color
Pink
Yellow
Orange
Green
Blue
Black
White 1 2 3
4…. 8

5. Birds & Beetles and the Environment…. OH My!
In groups:
Select a “Game Warden” who will manage all hunting and reproduction.
The rest of the group members each need to select a different type of beak from the bag.
For the rest of the activity, follow the instructions of your game warden.
Graphing your data:
Fold your 2 pieces of graph paper in ½, then ½ again. Cut the paper, stack and staple to create a small book.
Write a Title on the front, then label your pages. Pg. 1 is the back of the cover page.
Odds pages will have Bird Data (generation 1-8 bar graphs)
Even pages will have Beetle Data (generation 1-8 bar graphs)

6. Summary of Directions Hunt ½ the population Reproduce
Surviving beetles produce 1 baby
Most successful bird reproduces, least dies (takes role)
Record Population
Total population of birds
Total population of beetles (by color)

11. Bird & Beetle Analysis INB Pg. 99
1. Describe the change in the beetle population from generation 1-8.
2. To survive and reproduce, what struggle did the beetles face?
3. Which, if any, colors survived better than others?
4. What might be the reason that predators did not select these colors as much as they did other colors?
5. What effect did capturing a particular color beetle have on the numbers of that color in the following generations?
6. Describe the change in the bird population from generation 1-8.
7. To survive and reproduce, what struggle did the birds face?
8. Which, if any, beak types survived better than others?
9. What might be the reason that some predators survived better than the others?
10. What effect did failing to catch beetles have on the numbers of that beak type in the following generations?

12. Bird & Beetles Big Take-Away!
Individual’s don’t evolve…..POPULATIONS do!

13. 5/22 Week 15 Copy the following phrase:
Individuals do not evolve, populations do.
Explain what this might mean.
Measure 4 measure due Wednesday:
Make-up tomorrow only.

14. Title: 4 causes of Evolution EQ: Why do populations “look” different from previous generations?
Evolution definition: change in traits over time
1. Population growth: each species has the ability to reproduce fast enough to completely overpopulate its environment.
-some offspring die
-more offspring = more small differences

15. 2. Limited resources: Only a limited amount of space, food and mates exists for each individual.

16. 3. Inherited Variation: Individuals in a population are different from each other. Due to- a. Mutations (mistakes during DNA replication) b. Sex (genetic recombination)- alleles mix up through crossing over and random fertilization.
Same parents, but different combination of genes

17. -Fitness: measure of reproductive success
4. Natural Selection: environmental conditions of nature cause individuals with helpful variations to survive and reproduce….passing on their adaptations (trait that increases survival).
-Fitness: measure of reproductive success
The pepper moth lives in England. During the industrial revolution, smoke from the factories stained the bark of the trees dark. Over a decade or so, a new population of pepper moths that were dark in color was discovered.

18. SIBERIAN HUSKY- THE ULTIMATE SLED DOG
a. STABILIZING SELECTION: When the “average” individuals have the selective advantage. The population is stable.
NORMAL MUSCLE
DEVELOPMENT
SIBERIAN HUSKY-
THE ULTIMATE SLED DOG
“Wimpy”
Muscles-TOO WEAK
Mr. T
Husky-TOO HEAVY

19. b. DIRECTIONAL SELECTION: When individuals with one extreme trait
have the selective advantage. Change is occurring in the population.
Giraffe Neck Length vs. NATURAL SELECTION
Shorter longer

20. c. DISRUPTIVE SELECTION: When individuals with either extreme trait have the selective advantage. An advantage before is no longer the advantage.

21. Causes of Evolution Examples
Organism:
Trait:
Population growth
Limiting resource
Inherited Variation
Natural Selection

22. Explaining Evolution
The hammer orchid is a plant with a weird flower that looks like a female wasp. Male wasps try to mate with it and get tricked into carrying pollen from one plant to another helping the orchid reproduce.

23. WHOT Week 15 5/23
Summarize EACH of the 4 causes of evolution.

24. https://www. youtube. com/watch

25. Title: Explaining Evolution
Organism & Adaptation
Population growth
Limiting resource
Inherited Variation
Natural Selection
Make this chart on the top & bottom ½ of your page.

26. Title: 4 causes of Evolution EQ: Why do populations “look” different from previous generations?
Evolution definition: change in traits over time
1. Population growth: each species has the ability to reproduce fast enough to completely overpopulate its environment.
-some offspring die
-more offspring = more small differences

27. 2. Limited resources: Only a limited amount of space, food and mates exists for each individual.

28. 3. Inherited Variation: Individuals in a population are different from each other. Due to- a. Mutations (mistakes during DNA replication) b. Sex (genetic recombination)- alleles mix up through crossing over and random fertilization.
Same parents, but different combination of genes

29. -Fitness: measure of reproductive success
4. Natural Selection: environmental conditions of nature cause individuals with helpful variations to survive and reproduce….passing on their adaptations (trait that increases survival).
-Fitness: measure of reproductive success
The pepper moth lives in England. During the industrial revolution, smoke from the factories stained the bark of the trees dark. Over a decade or so, a new population of pepper moths that were dark in color was discovered.

30. Explaining Evolution
During courtship male peacocks display their large tails. It has been scientifically shown that males with larger tails get more mates. Explain how the peacocks tail might have evolved.

31. Causes of Evolution Examples
Instructions: As you witness different species and adaptations, list examples from the video in each category.
Population growth
Limiting resource
Inherited Variation
Natural Selection

32. Explaining Evolution Population growth:
Organism & Adaptation
Population growth:
Pea cocks have the ability to reproduce at a rate which will cause the population to exceed the capacity of the environment.
Limiting resource:
Peacocks need access to a female mate to reproduce and pass on their traits. Mates are limited in number and peacocks must compete for them.
Inherited Variation:
In the peacock population, sexual reproduction, independent assortment, recombination and mutation cause variations in the size of peacock tails: small, med, lg. These variations can be inherited by their offspring.
Natural Selection:
Pea hens are a part of the peacocks environment. To reproduce, a peacock must get a pea hen to mate with him. Pea hens only let peacocks with the largest tails mate with them…therefore, longer tailed peacocks pass on their genes more often than shorter tailed peacocks.

33. Explaining Evolution
The peppered moth lives in England. During the industrial revolution, smoke from the factories stained the bark of the trees dark. Over a decade or so, a new population of pepper moths that were dark in color was discovered.

34. 5/24 WHOT What is the definition of species again?
Measure 4 Measure Due:
Friday
Quiz Friday
Comic Due Friday

35. Title: Speciation Notes EQ: How and Why do new species originate?
INB Pg. 103
Speciation definition: formation of a new species A. What is a species? : A population whose members can naturally interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspring.

36. B. New species are formed be reproductive isolation.
A NEW SPECIES? THE POLARGRIZ
B. New species are formed be reproductive isolation.

37. Cama
Due to size difference of the parents they are born through artificial insemination, and most noticeably they have no hump. Their flat backs and durability make them great pack animals.

38. Wolphin
A rare crossbreed of a bottlenose dolphin and a false killer whale this is probably the best example of an animal that is half and half. Killer whales have 88 teeth, bottlenose dolphins have 44 teeth and kekaimalu the wolphin has 66 teeth.

39. Even if hybrids are vigorous they may be sterile
chromosomes of parents may differ in number or structure & meiosis in hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes
Mules are vigorous, but sterile
What’s wrong with having 63 chromosomes?
Odd number! Cannot pair up in meiosis.
Horses have 64 chromosomes
(32 pairs)
Donkeys have 62 chromosomes
(31 pairs)
Mules have 63 chromosomes!

40. 1. Geographic isolation New species occur in different areas
Ammospermophilus spp
New species occur in different areas
physical barrier separated ancestor species
Harris’s antelope squirrel inhabits the canyon’s south rim (L). Just a few miles away on the north rim (R) lives the closely related white-tailed antelope squirrel

41. lions & tigers could hybridize, but they live in different habitats:
2. Habitat isolation
Species occur in same region, but occupy different habitats so they rarely encounter each other
2 species of garter snake, Thamnophis, occur in same area, but one lives in water & other is terrestrial
lions & tigers could hybridize, but they live in different habitats:
lions in grasslands
tigers in rainforest

42. 3. Temporal “time” isolation
Species that breed during different times of day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix gametes.
Eastern spotted skunk (L) & Western spotted skunk (R) overlap in range but eastern mates in late winter & western mates in late summer

43. 4. Behavioral isolation
Unique behavioral patterns & rituals isolate species
identifies members of species
attract mates of same species
courtship rituals, mating calls
That’s hot…
The most comedic species of the Galapagos Islands is the Blue Footed Booby, what a ridiculous outfit and expression! Their name is in fact taken from the Spanish 'bobo' which means clown.
The Blue Footed Boobies above display part of their humorous courtship ritual whereby they raise their feet one at a time and then swivel their heads away from the prospective mate looking to the sky.
Other interesting Booby features are the highly evolved airbag systems in their skulls which allow them to dive bomb into the sea for fish from great height, and the egg and hatchling nesting boundaries they make which are rings of Boobie poop. They aren't the only Booby on the island — there are also Masked and Red Footed Boobies about.
Blue footed boobies mate only after a courtship display unique to their species

44. 5. Mechanical isolation Plants
Morphological differences can prevent successful mating
Plants
Even in closely related species of plants, the flowers often have distinct appearances that attract different pollinators. These 2 species of monkey flower differ greatly in shape & color, therefore cross-pollination does not happen.
The most comedic species of the Galapagos Islands is the Blue Footed Booby, what a ridiculous outfit and expression! Their name is in fact taken from the Spanish 'bobo' which means clown.
The Blue Footed Boobies above display part of their humorous courtship ritual whereby they raise their feet one at a time and then swivel their heads away from the prospective mate looking to the sky.
Other interesting Booby features are the highly evolved airbag systems in their skulls which allow them to dive bomb into the sea for fish from great height, and the egg and hatchling nesting boundaries they make which are rings of Boobie poop. They aren't the only Booby on the island — there are also Masked and Red Footed Boobies about.

45. Mechanical isolation Animals
For many insects, male & female sex organs of closely related species do not fit together, preventing sperm transfer
Get that thing
away from me!
The selection is intense because it directly affects offspring production -- it is affecting sex itself
Damsel fly penises

46. 6. Gametic isolation
Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species
Sea urchins release sperm & eggs into surrounding waters where they fuse & form zygotes Gametes of different species are unable to fuse.

47. Evidence of speciation

48. 7. Non-fertile Hybrid offspring
Prevent hybrid offspring from developing into a viable, fertile adult

49. Liger
“Hercules” the Liger (12 ft., 900 lbs.).
Male lion & tigress

50.
Hybrids may be fertile & viable in first generation, but when they mate offspring are feeble or sterile
In strains of cultivated rice, hybrids are vigorous but plants in next generation are small & sterile.

51. Explaining Evolution Quiz
Organism & Adaptation
Population growth
Limiting resource
Inherited Variation
Natural Selection
Use your device to look up 1 unique adaptations.
Set up each of your ½ sheets of paper with the “Explaining Evolution” squares.
On the right hand side, write your adaptation scenario.
Turn in to front basket!

52. Speciation Comic Strip
*Create a comic to show & describe the formation of a new species. Minimum of 4 comic sections, use talking/thinking bubbles in your pictures, and use descriptions as needed.

53. Natural Selection Comic Strip

54. Whot 5/25 Myths about evolution: Watch the video,
What are 3 myths about evolution?

55. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Birds and the Beaks”
What caused the increase in the average beak size of the finch population after the 1977 drought?
a. Finches’ beaks grew bigger because of the lack of water.
b. Finches with small beaks were able to grow bigger beaks.
c. Finches with bigger beaks were unable to leave the island
d. Finches with bigger beaks were able to survive and reproduce.
2. Scientists must be careful that their activities in an ecosystem do not introduce any new organisms into that ecosystem. What might be an effect on the finch population of Daphne Major if a new bird species were brought to the island?
a. The finch population would decline due to reproduction.
b. The finch population would increase due to adaptation.
c. The finch population would decline due to competition.
d. The finch population would increase due to predation.

56. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Birds and the Beaks” 3. Before the drought, Daphne Major had 720 finches living on 80 acres of land. What was the population density of finches on Daphne Major? ____________________________________ finches per acre

57. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Moths and the Trees” 4. The traits of population in the forest ecosystem have changed over time? What caused the traits to change? a. Natural selection b. Lack of mutations c. Unlimited resources d. Asexual reproduction 5. Which change to the forest ecosystem could limit the growth of the tussock moth population? a. Decrease in competition b. Reduction in disease c. Fewer predators d. Loss of habitat

58. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Moths and the Trees” 6. Students asked the following question. Question: What is the effect of the size of a moth population on the growth of trees in an ecosystem? Which reason describes why this question is scientifically testable? a. All moths require trees for food. b. Many different ecosystems include trees. c. Annual data can be collected because trees grow slowly. d. Both tree height and moth population size can be measured.

59. EOC Practice Questions #2
One way: Another way;

60. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Birds and the Beaks”
What caused the increase in the average beak size of the finch population after the 1977 drought?
a. Finches’ beaks grew bigger because of the lack of water.
b. Finches with small beaks were able to grow bigger beaks.
c. Finches with bigger beaks were unable to leave the island
d. Finches with bigger beaks were able to survive and reproduce.
2. Scientists must be careful that their activities in an ecosystem do not introduce any new organisms into that ecosystem. What might be an effect on the finch population of Daphne Major if a new bird species were brought to the island?
a. The finch population would decline due to reproduction.
b. The finch population would increase due to adaptation.
c. The finch population would decline due to competition.
d. The finch population would increase due to predation.

61. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Birds and the Beaks” 3. Before the drought, Daphne Major had 720 finches living on 80 acres of land. What was the population density of finches on Daphne Major? ____________________________________ finches per acre 9

62. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Moths and the Trees” 4. The traits of population in the forest ecosystem have changed over time? What caused the traits to change? a. Natural selection b. Lack of mutations c. Unlimited resources d. Asexual reproduction 5. Which change to the forest ecosystem could limit the growth of the tussock moth population? a. Decrease in competition b. Reduction in disease c. Fewer predators d. Loss of habitat

63. EOC Practice Questions #2
Read the “The Moths and the Trees” 6. Students asked the following question. Question: What is the effect of the size of a moth population on the growth of trees in an ecosystem? Which reason describes why this question is scientifically testable? a. All moths require trees for food. b. Many different ecosystems include trees. c. Annual data can be collected because trees grow slowly. d. Both tree height and moth population size can be measured.

64. EOC Practice Questions #2
One way: Another way;

65. Speciation Comic Strip
*Create a comic to show & describe the formation of a new species. Minimum of 4 comic sections, use talking/thinking bubbles in your pictures, and use descriptions as needed.

66. Explaining Evolution Population growth:
Organism & Adaptation
Peppered moths & color
Population growth:
Moths have the ability to reproduce at a rate which will cause the population to exceed the capacity of the environment.
Limiting resource:
Moths need tree space and the matching background to camouflage from predators (birds).
Inherited Variation:
In the moth population, sexual reproduction, independent assortment, recombination and mutation cause variations in the color of moths: peppered color and black color.
Natural Selection:
After the change of tree color, black moths blended in with the black trees and were less likely to be eaten…therefore, black moths survived, reproduced and passed on their genes to the next generation. The moth population changed over to time to a larger % of black color

67. How to evolve your dragon
INB Pg. 97
Write a paragraph using vocabulary and reasoning to explain how Leafy Sea Dragons came to have their “leafy” adaptation. Compare the Leafy sea Dragon to a species and adaptation from the video (use your whiteboard for help!)
Evolution terms to use:
Adaptation
environment
Evolve
Best suited
Genes or alleles
Generations/time
change
Resources
Variation
Fitness
Selective pressure

68. Title: Explaining Evolution
INB Pg. 102
Organism & Adaptation
Population growth
Limiting resource
Inherited Variation
Natural Selection
Make this chart on the top & bottom ½ of your page.

69. Explaining Evolution
The pepper moth lives in England. During the industrial revolution, smoke from the factories stained the bark of the trees dark. Over a decade or so, a new population of pepper moths that were dark in color was discovered.

70. Explaining Evolution
The top photo is a suspected ancestor of humans. The bottom photo is a human skull.
Notice the large braincase of the human skull. Propose an explanation for how this evolved.

71. Explaining Evolution Population growth:
Organism & Adaptation
Population growth:
Pea cocks have the ability to reproduce at a rate which will cause the population to exceed the capacity of the environment.
Limiting resource:
Peacocks need access to a female mate to reproduce and pass on their traits. Mates are limited in number and peacocks must compete for them.
Inherited Variation:
In the peacock population, sexual reproduction, independent assortment, recombination and mutation cause variations in the size of peacock tails: small, med, lg. These variations can be inherited by their offspring.
Natural Selection:
Pea hens are a part of the peacocks environment. To reproduce, a peacock must get a pea hen to mate with him. Pea hens only let peacocks with the largest tails mate with them…therefore, longer tailed peacocks pass on their genes more often than shorter tailed peacocks.

72. Explaining Evolution Quiz
Organism & Adaptation
Population growth
Limiting resource
Inherited Variation
Natural Selection
Use your device to look up 2 unique adaptations.
- Set up each of your ½ sheets of paper