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Cybersectarianism - Among Muslims
More recently, Sunni- and Shia- affiliated hackers have attacked and counter-attacked hundreds of websites in a vast struggle over cyberspace that has been characterized as an outbreak of cybersectarianism

Cybersectarianism - Among Muslims
Similarly, Dru C. Gladney describes how Muslim netizens in the Chinese province of Xinjiang have turned to the internet to explore and express their desires for independence with the broader, transnational Uyghur communities, culminating in what Gladney describes as a groundswell of "cyber-separatism."

Muslim Brotherhood - Status of non-Muslims
[T]he top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country..

Halal - Muslims In Islam, killing a human being is not permissible without a legitimate cause, especially killing a Muslim, since this has been stressed and explicitly mentioned many times in both the Quran and Sunnah. According to the Islamic law, the legitimate reasons that make a Muslim's blood (life) permissible and so could be killed, can be mainly categorized into two groups:

Reasons that don't annul Muslim's faith (still a Muslim).
Halal - Muslims Reasons that don't annul Muslim's faith (still a Muslim).

Reasons that annul Muslim's faith (becomes non-Muslim).
Halal - Muslims Reasons that annul Muslim's faith (becomes non-Muslim).

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - Muslims
One of the Gandhi's major strategies, first in South Africa and then in India, was uniting Muslims and Hindus to work together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1919–22 he won strong Muslim support for his leadership in the Khilafat Movement to support the historic Ottoman Caliphate. By 1924 that Muslim support had largely evaporated.

Israel Space Agency - LIMSAT-UV
The LIMSAT-UV is planned to be developed in just 3–4 years and at a cost of a few tens of millions of dollars instead of a few hundreds of millions.

Israel Space Agency - LIMSAT-UV
The LIMSAT-UV has been approved for pre-phase A study by the Israeli Space Agency (ISA) in collaboration with NASA's Ames Research Center.

Malaysian National Space Agency - Muslims in space
In April 2006, ANGKASA sponsored a conference[ Malaysian Conf. Probes How Muslim Astronauts Pray] of scientists and religious authorities, addressing the issue of how the circumstances of space travel would affect the obligations faced by Muslim astronauts (for instance, how can one face the qibla while orbiting the Earth).

Malaysian National Space Agency - Muslims in space
The Malaysian National Space Agency, in co-operation with other Malaysian agencies, developed the Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites at the International Space Station with the help of 150 scientists and clerics

Anti-communism - Muslims
After the taming of Central Asian Muslim Khanates by the Soviet Union, Soviet-style communists did not have any large-scale interaction with Muslim populations until the 1978 Saur Revolution in Afghanistan

Anti-communism - Muslims
In Iran, many Marxists and members of communist parties were jailed, tortured or executed during and after the Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution of However, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah, was no different in that regard. During his rule, the Shah banned communist literature, even enacting the death penalty for possession of such literature.

Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims under the Caliphate
The non-Muslims were given the status of ahl al-Dhimmi|dhimma (the people under protection), with adults paying a Jizya tax, equal to one dinar per year with exemptions for old people, women, children, and the disabled. Those who were neither Christians nor Jews, such as Pagans, were given the status of Majus.Jayyusi. The legacy of Muslim Spain

The treatment of non-Muslims in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable debate among scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the coexistence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world.

History of the Jews in Spain|Jews constituted more than five percent of the population

The Caliphate treated non-Muslims differently at different times

Under the Almoravids and the Almohads there may have been intermittent persecution of Jews,O'Callaghan, 1975, p but sources are extremely scarce and do not give a clear picture, though the situation appears to have deteriorated after 1160.Roth, 1994, pp. 113–116.

Muslim pogroms against Jews in Al-Andalus occurred in Córdoba (1011) and in 1066 Granada massacre|Granada (1066).Frederick M

far surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist outlook, and they treated the non-Muslims harshly

Islam and domestic violence - Incidence of domestic violence among Muslims
Taylor, co-founder of Progressive Muslim Union|Muslims for Progressive Values, such violence is not part of the religion, but rather more of a cultural aspect.Taylor, Pamela K

Prelims The use of the term 'Prelim' (short for preliminary examination) varies and is synonymous with qualifying exam, but it generally refers to an examination (usually one from a sequence) that qualifies a student to continue studies at a higher level, and/or allow the student to comprehend his/her studies and see how prepared they are for the looming examinations

Prelims - United States graduate programs
Some have a single examination or set of examinations, in which case they are typically called Prelims

Prelims - United States graduate programs
In some university departments, graduate students seeking a Ph.D

Prelims - Cornell University
At Cornell University, however, the term has been expanded to refer to any examination that is preliminary to the final exam even for undergraduate courses. This usage is used throughout the University, and has become so popular that prelim is more commonly used than test.

Prelims - University of Cambridge
While they do not count towards a student's final degree classification, a very poor performance in prelims can result in disciplinary measures and students may be required to repeat the exams until they receive a satisfactory grade.

Prelims - University of Oxford
The highest results in prelims will be awarded a Distinction, which also entitles the bearer to wear a scholar's gown

Prelims - University of Oxford
See also Honour Moderations.

Prelims - Singapore, Scotland and Latin America
Results from these prelims are used for provisional admission to a Education in Singapore#Pre-university|Singapore junior college, while those from the 'A' Level prelims are used to predict grades for the actual examination, which are often asked for by overseas university admission officers.

Persecution - Muslims Persecution of Muslims is a recurring phenomenon from the beginning and throughout the history of Islam. Persecution may refer to unwarranted arrest, imprisonment, beating, torture, or execution. It also may refer to the confiscation or destruction of property, or incitement to hate Muslims. Persecution can extend beyond those who perceive themselves as Muslims to include those who are perceived by others as Muslims, or to Muslims which are considered by fellow Muslims as non-Muslims.

Sumptuary laws - Dress regulations for non-Muslims
Non-Muslims were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN , p.117

The practice of Human branding|physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton Company press, ISBN , p.131

In public baths, non-Muslims had to wear medallions suspended from cords around their necks, so no one would mistake them for Muslims

In the early years of the 21st century the Taliban in Afghanistan required Hinduism in Afghanistan|Afghan Hindus to wear yellow badges.[ Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus],CNN[ Taliban: Hindus Must Wear Identity Labels],People's Daily[ US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus],CNSnews.com

Almohad dynasty - Status of non-Muslims
Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089–1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads.Ross Brann‏, [ Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain], Princeton University Press, 2009, pp

Almohad dynasty - Status of non-Muslims
Menocal's 2003 book, The Ornament of the World, argues that the Jewish dhimmis living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in other parts of Christian Europe

Anti-Defamation League - Relations with Arabs and Muslims
ADL publications on condemning discrimination against Arabs, Muslims, Blacks and members of other minorities have often been used in synagogue adult education programs, and as part of Jewish-Christian and Jewish-Muslim inter-faith dialogue.

On June 18, 2004 the ADL issued a news release about the University of California Irvine (UCI) Muslim Students Union in which the student group had invited speakers to campus who made public declarations of support for Hamas, advocated suicide bombings and called for the destruction of Israel

The ADL has publicly opposed anti-Islamic organizations like Stop Islamization of America and Stop Islamization of Europe and activists like David Yerushalmi, describing them as anti-Muslim bigots.[ Civil Rights: Discrimination: SOIA]

Chiang Kai-shek - Relationship with Muslims
Chiang Kai-shek developed relationships with other Generals. Chiang became a sworn brother of the Muslim General Ma Fuxiang and appointed him to high ranking positions. Chiang addressed Ma Fuxiang's son Ma Hongkui as Shao Yun Shixiong Ma Fuxiang attended national leadership conferences with Chiang during Battles against Japan. Ma Hongkui was eventually scapegoated for the failure of the Ningxia Campaign against the Communists, so he moved to the US instead of remaining in Taiwan with Chiang.

Chiang's appointments, the first time that Muslims had been appointed as governors of Gansu, increased the prestige of Muslim officials in northwestern China

Chiang also supported the Muslim General Ma Zhongying, whom he had trained at Whampoa Military Academy during the Kumul Rebellion, in a Jihad against Jin Shuren, Sheng Shicai, and the Soviet Union during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang

The Ili Rebellion and Pei-ta-shan Incident plagued relations with the Soviet Union during Chiang's rule and caused trouble with the Uyghurs. During the Ili Rebellion and Peitashan incident, Chiang deployed Hui people|Hui troops against Uyghur people|Uyghur mobs in Turfan, and against Soviet Russian and Mongols at Peitashan.

During Chiang's rule, attacks on foreigners by Kuomintang forces flared up in several incidents. One of these was the Battle of Kashgar (1934) where a Muslim army loyal to the Kuomintang massacred 4,500 Uyghurs, and killed several British at the British consulate in Kashgar. The British were unable to retaliate.

Hu Songshan, a Muslim Imam, backed Chiang Kai-shek's regime and gave prayers for his government. ROC flags were saluted by Muslims in Ningxia during prayer along with exhortations to nationalism during Chiang's rule. Chiang sent Muslim students abroad to study at places like Al Azhar and Muslim schools throughout China taught loyalty to his regime.

The Yuehua, a Chinese Muslim publication, quoted the Quran and Hadith to justify submitting to Chiang Kai-shek as the leader of China, and as justification for Jihad in the war against Japan.

The Chinese Muslim Association, a pro-Kuomintang and anti-Communist organization, was set up by Muslims working in his regime

Internal resistance to South African apartheid - Role of Muslims in the struggle to end the apartheid Muslim activists of South Asian decent played a pivotal role in the struggle against apartheid. Notable contributors include Yusuf Dadoo and Ahmed Kathrada.

Nowruz - Navroz celebration by Shia Muslims of Lucknow
Shia Muslims of Pakistan, and Kashmir also celebrates Nowruz with zeal. According to Shia's of Lucknow's belief it is celebrated to mark the day when Ali was declared the successor of prophet.

Muslims Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God in Islam|God as revealed to the Islamic Prophets of Islam|prophet Muhammad

Muslims Most Muslims accept as a Muslim anyone who has publicly pronounced the Shahadah (declaration of faith) which states:

Muslims Allāh|) is eternal, transcendent and absolutely one (tawhid|monotheism); that God is incomparable, self-sustaining and neither begets nor was begotten; that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that has been revealed before through many Prophets in Islam|prophets including Abraham in Islam|Abraham, Moses in Islam|Moses, Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael and Jesus in Islam|Jesus; that these previous messages and revelations have been partially Tahrif|changed or corrupted over time and that the Qur'an is the final unaltered revelation from God (The Final Testament).Submission.org, Quran: The Final Testament, Authorized English Version with Arabic Text, Revised Edition IV,ISBN , p

Muslims The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the Five Pillars of Islam, which, in addition to Shahadah, consist of daily prayers (salat), fasting during Ramadan (sawm), almsgiving (zakat), and the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime.

Muslims - Lexicology General alternative epithets or designations given to Muslims include mosquegoer, masjidgoer, or archaic, dated and obsolete terms such as Muslimite or Muslimist.

Muslims - Lexicology Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.

Muslims - Used to describe earlier prophets in the Qur'an
Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, Jesus’ disciples tell Jesus, We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (wa-shahad be anna muslimūn)

Muslims - Demographics
About 13% of Muslims live in Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia, the largest Muslim country, 25% in South Asia, 20% in the Middle East and North Africa, and 2% in Central Asia, 4% in the remaining South East Asian countries, and 15% in Islam in Africa|Sub-saharan Africa. Sizable communities are also found in Islam in China|China and Islam in Russia|Russia, and parts of the Caribbean. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.

Muslims - Demographics
The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), and Egypt (4.9%)

Jannah - Non-Muslims in Jannah
A few hadith, for example those narrated by Sahl bin Sad, Abd Allah ibn Abbas, and Abu Hurairah, suggest that some who were born before Islam, during the period of ignorance would be allowed into heaven without a full reckoning of their behavior. The period of ignorance is believed to be those Monotheism|monotheists who lived between the time of Jesus in Islam|Prophet Isa's ascension and before the time of Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad' prophethood., , ,

Jannah - Non-Muslims in Jannah
Someone asked, O Messenger of Allah, who will they be? He replied, The main body of the Muslims. is agreed among some Islamic scholars that the Samaritans, Christian Unitarians and the Sabians are the other non-Muslim sects who will also enter Jannah.

Islam and Sikhism - Ahmadiyya Muslims and Sikhism
Even today Sikhs have very good relations with the Ahmadi Muslims.[ Ahmadiyya as viewed by others – Mr

They claim that Guru Gobind Singh had political problems with the Moghuls (who were Muslims) some of whom at times unfairly persecuted non-Muslims

In his book, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad demonstrates that Guru Nanak was not a person of bad character as claimed by some Hindus at the time but was a very pious holy saint.[ Urdu Question – Is there anything common between Sikhs and Muslims? Guru Baba Nanak]

Online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article - Depiction by non-Muslims
The extremely rare representations of Muhammad in monumental sculpture are especially likely to be offensive to Muslims, as the statue is the classic form for idols, and a fear of any hint of idolatry is the basis of Islamic prohibitions

There have also been numerous book illustrations showing Muhammad.
Online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article - Depiction by non-Muslims There have also been numerous book illustrations showing Muhammad.

Dante, in The Divine Comedy#Inferno|The Divine Comedy: Inferno, placed Muhammad in Hell, with his entrails hanging out (Canto 28):

:His guts hung between his legs and displayed His vital organs, including that wretched sack Which converts to shit whatever gets conveyed down the gullet.

:As I stared at him he looked back And with his hands pulled his chest open, Saying, See how I split open the crack in myself! See how twisted and broken Mohammed is! Before me walks Ali, his face Cleft from chin to crown, grief–stricken.

This scene is frequently shown in illustrations of the The Divine Comedy|Divina Commedia. Muhammad is represented in a 15th-century fresco Last Judgement by Giovanni da Modena and drawing on Dante, in the Church of San Petronio, Bologna, Italy. and artwork by Salvador Dalí, Auguste Rodin, William Blake, and Gustave Doré.

Battle of Yamama - The Second Strike of the Muslims
On the orders of Khalid, the Muslim advanced. The Muslims launched a series of attacks along their entire front. The most dreadful carnage took place in a gulley in which human blood ran in a rivulet down to the wadi. As a result, this gulley became known as the Gulley of Blood-Shueib-ud-Dam, and it is still known by that name.

But the battle hung in the balance. As the first period of combat ended, the warriors retired to rest.

The next phase of battle - known as the second strike of the Muslims - is clouded with legend but from the myths alone we can determine that the apostate force largely disintegrated.

Constitution of Medina - Rights of non-Muslims
The non-Muslims included in the ummah had the following rights:Ahmed (1979), p. 46-7

#The security of God is equal for all groups,Article 15, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), p. 46-7

#Non-Muslim members will have the same political and cultural rights as Muslims. They will have autonomy and freedom of religion.Article 25, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), p. 46-7

#Non-Muslims will take up arms against the enemy of the Ummah and share the cost of war. There is to be no treachery between the two.Article 37, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), p. 46-7

#Non-Muslims will not be obliged to take part in religious wars of the Muslims.Article 45, as quoted in Ahmed (1979), p. 46-7

Islam and other religions - Non-Muslims and Islam
The main advantage of the dhimmis over Muslims was the guarantee of their protection without the responsibility to actively engage in that protection themselves.

The Qur'an distinguishes between the monotheistic People of the Book (ahl al-kitab) (Judaism|Jews, Christianity|Christians, Sabians and others) on the one hand and polytheism|polytheists or idolaters on the other hand

The idea of Islamic supremacy is encapsulated in the formula, Islam is exalted and nothing is exalted above it.

Abraham, Moses, Nevi'im|Hebrew prophets, and Jesus were all prophets of Islam, but according to Muslim tradition their message and the texts of the Torah and the Gospels were tahrif|corrupted by Jews and Christians. Similarly, children of non-Muslim families are born Muslims, but are converted to another faith by their parents.Friedmann (2003), p. 18

Apostasy in Islam can be punishable by death or imprisonment according to some interpretations.Murtadd, Encyclopedia of Islam Quote: A woman who apostasizes [sic?] is to be executed according to some jurists, or imprisoned according to others

Kafir - Historical relations between Muslims and non-Muslims
In the beginning stages of Islam, the label of “kafir” was often used in conflicts between Muslims.

When the Islamic empire expanded, however, the word kafir took on other forms in interactions between Muslims and non-Muslims

Ishaq al-Kindi, also known as, “the philosopher of the Arabs,” said, “We owe great thanks to those who have imparted to us even a small measure of truth…since they have given us a share in the fruits of their reflection.” India, in particular, became a hub of cultural coexistence between Muslims and Hindus

Many writers, however, discuss the tragedies of the early interactions between Muslims and Hindus

Current Hindu and Muslim relations in India reflect the paradoxical environment of the history of their relations

Calling the Jews of Israel, the usurping kafir, Yasser Arafat turned on the Muslim resistance and allegedly set a precedent for preventing Muslims from mobilizing against 'aggressor disbelievers' in other Muslim lands, and enabled 'the cowardly, alien kafir' to achieve new levels of intervention in Muslim affairs.

Battle of Hunayn - Equipment Of The Muslims
The Prophet was aware of the strength and the obstinacy of the enemy

Islam and animals - Muslims and sniffer dogs
Despite a reporting suggesting that Detection dog|sniffer dogs trained to detect explosives should no longer come into contact with Muslim passengers, the British Transport Police insisted it would still use them with any passengers, though handlers would remain aware of “cultural sensitivities”.

Islam and animals - Muslims and sniffer dogs
A proposal was made from the Association of Chief Police Officers that sniffer dogs used to search mosques and Muslim homes should be fitted with leather bootees to cover their paws and thereby avoid causing offence. Muslim convicts in British prisons are entitled to fresh clothes and linen if they feel these may have been in contact with canine saliva. Copies of the Quran and other religious items are checked by hand.

Mosque - Non-Muslims in mosques
Prophet Muhammad once allowed a group of Christians to pray inside Al-Masjid al-Nabawi for their Lord's Day|Sunday worship. A dissenting opinion and minority view is presented by followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances.

The Quran addresses the subject of non-Muslims, and particularly polytheism|polytheists, in mosques in two verses in its ninth chapter, At-Tawba|Sura At-Tawba. The seventeenth verse of the chapter prohibits those who join gods with Allah—polytheists—from entering mosques:

Quote|It is not for such as join gods with Allah, to visit or maintain the mosques of Allah while they witness against their own souls to infidelity. The works of such bear no fruit: In Fire shall they dwell.|Quran, Sura 9 (At-Tawba), ayah 17

The twenty-eighth verse of the same chapter is more specific as it only considers polytheists in the Sacred Mosque, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca:

For example, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims.

However, there are also many other places in the West as well as the Islamic world where non-Muslims are welcome to enter mosques. Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. Many mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community as well as to encourage conversions to Islam. [ Liyakatali Takim] is a professor at McMaster University

For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims and if they have a legitimate reason

Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers; visitors are required to wear long trousers and not to wear shoes, women must cover their heads; visitors are not allowed to interrupt praying Muslims, especially by taking photos of them; no loud talk is allowed; and no references to other religions are allowed (no crosses on necklaces, no cross gestures, etc.) Similar rules apply to mosques in Malaysia, where larger mosques that are also tourist attractions (such as the National Mosque of Malaysia|Masjid Negara) provide robes and headscarves for visitors who are deemed inappropriately attired.

In certain times and places, non-Muslims were expected to behave a certain way in the vicinity of a mosque: in some Moroccan cities, Jews were required to remove their shoes when passing by a mosque; in 18th-century Egypt, Jews and Christians had to dismount before several mosques in veneration of their sanctity.

Cigarette smoking for weight loss - Virginia Slims
Following in the footsteps of Lucky Strike, Virginia Slims were marketed specifically to young, affluent, and independent women with the tagline created by the advertising agency, Leo Burnett, “You’ve Come a Long Way Baby,” referencing the history of women’s liberation

New York: Basic Books, p.324 During her deposition, Cipollone recounted her smoking history, noting that she switched to Virginia Slims in 1968 because female-centered marking appealed to her

While cigarette|traditional cigarettes are 84mm in length, Virginia Slims come in both 100 and 120mm lengths that give the cigarette a more dainty or elegant appearance

Cigarette smoking for weight loss - Virginia Slims and athleticism
Cigarettes have a long tradition of being coupled with athletics, health and fitness. As early as the mid-to-late 19th century, Bull Durham cigarettes were the official sponsors of professional baseball, horse racing and golf, and by the 1950s, Camel (cigarette)|Camel commonly used sports imagery in their print advertisements.

Thus, it was not unheard of when Virginia Slims sponsored the Women's Tennis Association in 1970, then known as the “Virginia Slims Circuit”. With this prominent sponsorship came a whole slew of advertisements that featured tennis greats like Billie Jean King and Rosemary Casals alongside the Virginia Slims logo.

Other Virginia Slims advertisements feature slender women in varying states of activity (dancing, running, ice skating, etc.) thus promoting a general attitude of health and fitness.

Southern Ming Dynasty - Ming loyalist Muslims in the Northwest
In 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin and Ding Guodong led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the Manchu conquest of China#The northwest|Milayin rebellion in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor

The Confucian Hui Muslim scholar Ma Zhu ( ) served with the southern Ming loyalists against the Qing.

In Guangzhou, the national monuments known as The Muslim's Loyal Trio are the tombs of Ming loyalist Muslims who were martyred while fighting in battle against the Qing in the Manchu conquest of China in Guangzhou.[ Ring Salkin La Boda 1996], p. 306.

Abrahamic religion - For Muslims
Islam considers Abraham to be one of the first Muslims (Surah 3)—the first monotheist in a world where monotheism was lost, and the community of those faithful to God, thus being referred to as ابونا ابراهيم or Our Father Abraham, as well as Ibrahim Hanif|al-Hanif or Abraham the Monotheist

Ibn Taimiyyah - Non-Muslims
To this end he opposed the celebration of the Mawlid|observance of the birthday of the Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet Muhammad or the construction of mosques around the tombs of Sufi saints saying: Many of them [the Muslims] do not even know of the Christian origins of these practices.Muhammad `Umar Memon, Ibn Taymiyya's Struggle against Popular Religion, with an annotated translation of Kitab Iqitada, the Hague, (1976) p.78, 210

Maulvi - Difference in titles Mullah and Maulvi among Muslims in South Asia
In the Central Asian and South Asian Pakistani Subcontinent context, where Mullah does not carry a formal sense, Maulana is often the word of choice for addressing or referring to Muslim religious scholars that are respected, while Mullah is used often derogatorily for people the speaker considers to be more rabble-rousers than scholars.

Badshahi Mosque - Mosque's return to Muslims and restoration
Sensing increasing Muslim resentment against the use of the Mosque as a military garrison, which was continuing since Sikh Rule, the British set up the Badshahi Mosque Authority in 1852 to oversee the restoration and return of the Mosque to Muslims as a place of religious worship

Badshahi Mosque - Mosque's return to Muslims and restoration
It was not until 1852 that the British established the Badshahi Mosque Authority to oversee the restoration of the mosque so that it could be returned to Muslims as a place of worship. Although repairs were carried out, it was not until 1939 that extensive repairs began under the oversight of architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur. The repairs continued until 1960 and were completed at a cost of 4.8 million rupees.

Mohammed Drawings - Relationship between the West and Muslims
The incident occurred at a time of unusually strained relations between the Muslim world and the West

Ijtihad - Progressive Muslims
This new form of ijtihad would allow Muslims to combine their religious perspective with that of their academic or scientific thoughts.

Likewise, Progressive Muslims assert that the closing the doors of ijithad has debilitated intellectual growth, thus doors must be re-opened to reinvigorate such stimulation

This revitalization of ijtihad could be crucial to the role and status of women within the religion, differing sects, economics, and the relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Bektashism - Rites, rituals, and holy things in the Balkan villages common to both to Muslims and Christians The stone was said to have fallen from heaven, and it was venerated or at least respected by Muslims and Christians in the region

Almohad Caliphate - Status of non-Muslims
Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089–1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads.Ross Brann‏, [ Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain], Princeton University Press, 2009, pp

Sam Harris (author) - Islam and Muslims
While Harris is extremely critical of all religious faiths, he asserts that the doctrines of Islam are uniquely dangerous to civilization, stating that unlike Jainism, Islam is not even remotely a religion of peace

Harris criticizes the general response in the West to terrorist atrocities such as the September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks: to Harris the War on Terrorism|war on 'terrorism' is meaningless.p.31, p.28. Harris said in 2004: It is time we admitted that we are not at war with terrorism. We are at war with Islam.

Harris maintains that the West is at war with precisely the vision of life that is prescribed to all Muslims in the Koran, and further elaborated in the literature of the hadith.pp.109–110.

Harris acknowledges that religions other than Islam can inspire, and have inspired, atrocities. In The End of Faith, he discusses examples such as the Inquisition and witch hunts. However, Harris believes that Islam is the most evil.

Harris argues there is no such thing as Islamophobia, but criticizes prejudice against Muslims or Arabs, purely because of the accident of their birth.

Harris has called upon Muslim communities to criticize their faith, and assist Western governments in incarcerating any religious extremists among them. He demands that Muslims must tolerate, advocate, and even practice ethnic profiling in the fight against terrorism.

Harris has stated that Israel holds the moral high ground compared to Muslims and Islamist groups in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict:

Muslims routinely use human shields, and this accounts for much of the collateral damage we and the Israelis cause; the political discourse throughout much of the Muslim world, especially with respect to Jews, is explicitly and unabashedly genocidal

Decline of Buddhism in India - Theory of persecution by Muslims and conversion to Islam
According to this theory, by the time of the Muslim conquests in India, there were only glimpses of Buddhism nor any evidence of a provincial government in control of the Buddhists.Wink 348–350 During the seventh to 13th centuries when Islam arrived, this theory claims that it replaced Buddhism as the great cosmopolitan trading religion in many places accompanied by a consolidation of the communal peasant religions of Hinduism

Decline of Buddhism in India - Theory of persecution by Muslims and conversion to Islam
Brief Muslim accounts and the one eye witness account of Dharmasmavim in wake of the conquest during the 1230s talks about abandoned viharas being used as camps by the Turukshahs

Many places were destroyed and renamed
Decline of Buddhism in India - Theory of persecution by Muslims and conversion to Islam Many places were destroyed and renamed

Park51 - Muslims The building of an Islamic community center near Ground Zero has been criticized by some Muslims.

Park51 - Muslims The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community does not directly oppose the building of a mosque near ground zero but views that the sentiments of non-Muslims should not be unduly hurt

Park51 - Muslims Muslim neoconservative journalist Stephen Schwartz (journalist)|Stephen Schwartz, Executive Director of the non-profit Center for Islamic Pluralism, said that building the center two blocks from World Trade Center site|Ground Zero is inconsistent with the Sufi philosophy of simplicity of faith and sensitivity towards others and disregards the security of American Muslims. He also criticized what he termed Abdul Rauf's radical and suspect associations.

Park51 - Muslims Another founding member of the Center for Islamic Pluralism, Zuhdi Jasser, who is also the founder of the American Islamic Forum for Democracy, a group of Muslim professionals in the Phoenix Valley of Arizona, strongly opposed the project, saying: For us, a mosque was always a place to pray...not a way to make an ostentatious architectural statement. Ground Zero shouldn't be about promoting Islam. It's the place where war was declared on us as Americans.

Park51 - Muslims American freedom of religion is a right, but … it is not right to make one's religion a global political statement with a towering Islamic edifice that casts a shadow over the memorials of Ground Zero. … Islamists in 'moderate' disguise are still Islamists. In their own more subtle ways, the WTC mosque organizers end up serving the same aims (as) separatist and supremacist wings of political Islam.

Park51 - Muslims Neda Bolourchi, a Muslim whose mother died in 9/11, said: I fear it would become a symbol of victory for militant Muslims around the world.

Park51 - Muslims As Muslims we are dismayed that our co-religionists have such little consideration for their fellow citizens, and wish to rub salt in their wounds and pretend they are applying a balm to sooth the pain.

Park51 - Muslims Akbar Ahmed, Ibn Khaldun Chair of Islamic Studies at American University, while noting that blaming all Muslims for 9/11 was ridiculous, said: I don't think the Muslim leadership has fully appreciated the impact of 9/11 on America

Park51 - Muslims Abdul Rahman Al-Rashid, general manager of Al-Arabiya television, also criticized the project in a column titled A House of Worship or a Symbol of Destruction? in the Arab daily A-Sharq Al-Awsat, saying:

Park51 - Muslims Muslims do not aspire for a mosque next to the September 11 cemetery...the mosque is not an issue for Muslims, and they have not heard of it until the shouting became loud between the supporters and the objectors, which is mostly an argument between non-Muslim US citizens!

Park51 - Muslims Rima Fakih, the first Muslim-American crowned Miss USA as Miss USA 2010, opposed the project on the grounds of it being insensitive to families of 9/11 victims, telling Inside Edition:

Park51 - Muslims I totally agree with President Obama with the statement on the constitutional rights of freedom of religion. [But] it shouldn't be so close to the World Trade Center. We should be more concerned with the tragedy than religion.

Mehdi Hasan - Islam and Muslims
Hasan, a Shia Muslim, Hasan and Ida Glaser [ We could both be wrong about God: Introductions], The Guardian, 30 March 2010 has written articles about Islam and Muslims for the New Statesman and newspapers

In April 2009, Hasan argued against the concept and idea of an Islamic state.Mehdi Hasan [ 'There's nothing Islamic about a state'], New Statesman, 2 April 2009

Hasan has been criticised for his remarks on religion.Peter Hitchens [ Am I an 'animal', a 'cow' – or just another victim of BBC bias?] Mail on Suinday, 4 August 2012 During a sermon delivered in 2009,Islamic Unity Society [ Arbaeen Majlis 2009 (Mehdi Hassan)], Islamic Unity Society, 2009 quoting the Quran, Hasan said to an audience: The kuffar, the disbelievers, the atheists who remain deaf and stubborn to the teachings of Islam, the rational message of the Koran; they are described in the Koran as “a people of no intelligence”, Allah describes them as not of no morality, not as people of no belief – people of “no intelligence” – because they’re incapable of the intellectual effort it requires to shake off those blind prejudices, to shake off those easy assumptions about this world, about the existence of God

Hasan wrote: the entire 45-minute speech is primarily an attack on Muslim extremists who try and justify violence against non-Muslims on an 'ends justify the means' basis, but noted of his 2009 comments that his phraseology was ill-judged, ill-advised and, even, inappropriate.Mehdi Hasan [ Anatomy of a Hitchens Hatchet Job,] The Huffington Post, 5 August 2012

In November 2009, Hasan wrote a column denouncing suicide bombing from an Islamic perspective.Mehdi Hasan [ Suicide attacks are un-Islamic], New Statesman, 5 November 2009 Hasan argued that There is, in fact, nothing Islamic about so-called Islamic terrorism… So why are many Muslims so reluctant to condemn such cold-blooded tactics of terror?

In April 2010, Hasan wrote a piece condemning the controversial Islamic advocacy of the death penalty for apostasy in the New Statesman.Mehdi Hasan [ Islam can do without Simon Cowell], New Statesman, 2 April 2010 He states that The sharia (or Islamic law), it is claimed, sanctions the death penalty for any adult Muslim who chooses to leave the faith, or apostatise

Hasan wrote an article in The Guardian in September 2011 condemning the Iranian regime for its proposed execution of an apostate.Mehdi Hasan [ This brutality is not Islam], The Guardian, 30 September 2011 The death sentence given to Youcef Nadarkhani in Iran is an affront to universal moral values and a disservice to Muslims.

In April 2012, Hasan wrote an article criticising British Muslims for being obsessed with foreign affairs and the anti-war movement.Mehdi Hasan [ British Muslims must step outside this anti-war comfort zone], The Guardian, 2 April 2012 He criticised British Muslims' apparent apathy towards national issues, why is it that most British Muslims get so excited and aroused by foreign affairs, yet seem so bored by and uninterested in domestic politics and the economy?

Following the allegation of antisemitism against Lord Ahmed in March 2013, Hasan referred to antisemitism in some sections of the British Muslim community as our dirty little secret.

In May 2013, he appeared at an Oxford Union Debate proposing a motion arguing that Islam is a religion of peace. The motion was carried.Rachel Goddard-Bernstein [ Debate: This House believes Islam is a religion of peace], Oxford Student [30 May 2013]

In October 2013, on BBC Question Time (TV series)|Question Time, Hasan claimed that The Daily Mail was, among other accusations, Muslim-smearing

Iranian Kurdistan - Discrimination against Sunni Muslims
In present-day Iran, while Shi'a religious institutions are encouraged, Sunni institutions are blocked

Islam in India - Ghettoisation of Indian Muslims
Page 149.[ India's Muslims feel backlash] by Jill McGivering, BBC Delhi correspondent

In places like Gujarat that has seen riots and alienation of Muslims, this has led to large scale ghettoisation of the community, for example Juhapura area of Ahmadabad has swelled from 250,000 to 650,000 since 2002 riots, Muslims in Gujarat have no option but to head for a ghetto, irrespective of their economic and professional status.

Secularism in India is being seen by some as a favour to the Muslims, and not as an imperative for democracy.[ Ghettoisation] The Hindu, 1 August 2006.[ The price of exclusion] Ranjit Hoskote, The Hindu, 31 December 2006.

Kublai Khan - Relations with Muslims
Thirty Muslim high officials served the court of Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in Shaanxi.[ Saudi Aramco World : Muslims in China: The History] Astronomers such as Jamal ad-Din (astronomer)|Jamal ad-Din introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar.

Muslim cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the Silk Road and greatly influenced the knowledge of Yuan dynasty rulers and merchants.

Muslim physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and Shangdu

Muslim mathematicians introduced Elucidian Geometry, Spherical trigonometry and Arabic numerals in China.

Kublai brought siege engineers Ismail (mangonel expert)|Ismail and Al al-Din to China, and together they invented the Trebuchet|Muslim trebuchet (Hui-Hui Pao), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the Battle of Xiangyang.C. P. Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.354

Internet censorship in Pakistan - Innocence of Muslims
In September 2012 the Pakistani government blocked the video-sharing website YouTube for not removing an Islamophobia|anti-Islamic film made in the United States, Innocence of Muslims, which mocks Mohammad

Hexagram - Usage by Muslims
The symbol is known in Arabic as , Najmat Dāwūd (Star of David) or Khātem Sulaymān (Seal of Solomon), but Seal of Solomon may also refer to a pentagram or a species of plant.

In various places in the Qur'an, it is written that David and King Solomon (Arabic, Suliman or Sulayman) were prophets and kings and therefore they are revered figures by Muslims. The Medieval pre-Ottoman Anatolian beyliks of the Karamanids and Jandarids used the star on their flag. The symbol also used on Hayreddin Barbarossa flag. Even today, the star can be found in mosques and on other Arabic Art|Arabic and Islamic artifacts.

Professor Gershom Sholem theorizes that the Star of David originates in the writings of Aristotle, who used triangles in different positions to indicate the different basic elements. The superposed triangles thus represented combinations of those elements. From Aristotle's writings those symbols made their ways into early, pre-Muslim Arab literature.

History of the Byzantine Empire - Wars against the Muslims
By 867 AD, the empire had re-stabilised its position in both the east and the west, and the efficiency of its defensive military structure enabled its emperors to begin planning wars of reconquest in the east.A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire: , pp. 215–126.

Using present day Tunisia as their launching pad, the Muslims conquered Palermo in 831 AD, Messina in 842 AD, Enna in 859 AD, Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse in 878 AD, Catania in 900 AD and the final Byzantine stronghold, the fortress of Taormina, in 902 AD.

These drawbacks were later counterbalanced by a victorious expedition against Damietta in Egypt (856), the Battle of Lalakaon|defeat of the Emir of Melitene (863), the confirmation of the imperial authority over Dalmatia (867), and Basil I's offensives towards the Euphrates (870s). Unlike the deteriorating situation in Sicily, Basil I handled the situation in southern Italy well enough and the province would remain in Byzantine hands for the next 200 years.

In the early years of Basil I's reign, Arab raids on the coasts of Dalmatia were successfully repelled, and the region once again came under secure Byzantine control

Despite this revenge, the Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims, who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911..

The death of the Bulgarian tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I in 927 severely weakened the Bulgarians, allowing the Byzantines to concentrate on the eastern front.

The situation on the border with the Arab territories remained fluid, with the Byzantines alternatively on the offensive or defensive

The soldier-emperors Nikephoros II Phokas (reigned 963–969 AD) and John I Tzimiskes (969–976 AD) expanded the empire well into Syria, defeating the emirs of north-west Iraq and reconquering Crete and Cyprus.A

Dungan revolt (1862–1877) - Hui Muslims in non-rebellious areas
Hui Muslims living in areas that did not take part in the rebellion were completely unaffected by it, with no restrictions placed on them, nor did they try to join the rebels. Professor Hugh D. R. Baker stated in his book Hong Kong Images: People and Animals, that the Hui Muslim population of Beijing remained unaffected by the Muslim rebels during the Dungan revolt.

Dungan revolt (1862–1877) - Hui Muslims in non-rebellious areas
Elisabeth Allès wrote that the relationship between Hui Muslim and Han peoples continued normally in the Henan area, with no ramifications or consequences from the Muslim rebellions of other areas

Muhammad in Islam - Sunnah: A model for Muslims
59 The Sunnah of Muhammad serves as a model for the Muslims to shape their life in that light

Hizb ut-Tahrir - Non-Muslims
However non-Muslims may voice complaints in respect to unjust acts performed by the rulers or the misapplication of Islam upon them.

Non-Muslims in the khilafah (caliphate) will have established channels to air any grievances or denial of their rights

In regards to foreign policy, Article 186 of the draft constitution states: The State is forbidden to belong to any organisation that is based on something other than Islam or that applies non-Islamic rules. This includes organizations such as the UN, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund and the Arab League. Article 185 of the draft constitution states: It is permitted to conclude good neighbouring, economic, commercial, financial, cultural and armistice treaties.

Abul A'la Maududi - Non-Muslims
The rights of non-Muslims are limited under Islamic state as laid out in Maududi's writings. Although non-Muslim faith, ideology, rituals of worship or social customs would not be interfered with, non-Muslims would have to accept Muslim rule.

Islamic 'jihad' does not recognize their right to administer state affairs according to a system which, in the view of Islam, is evil. Furthermore, Islamic 'jihad' also refuses to admit their right to continue with such practices under an Islamic government which fatally affect the public interest from the viewpoint of Islam.Sayeed Abdul A'la Maududi, Jihad in Islam, Islamic Publications (Pvt.) Ltd., p.28

This tax is applicable to all able adult non-Muslims, except old and women, who do not render military service

Maududi believed that copying cultural practices of non-Muslims was forbidden in Islam, having

very disastrous consequences upon a nation; it destroys its inner vitality, blurs its vision, befogs its critical faculties, breeds inferiority complexes, and gradually but assuredly saps all the springs of culture and sounds its death-knell. That is why the Muhammad|Holy Prophet has positively and forcefully forbidden the Muslims to assume the culture and mode of life of the non-Muslims.Maududi, Towards Understanding Islam, p.131

Maududi strongly opposed the Ahmadiyya sect and the idea that Ahmadiyya were Muslims

Chinese nationalism - Chinese Muslims
Chinese Muslims have played an important role in Chinese nationalism. Chinese Muslims, known as Hui people, are a mixture of the descendants of foreign Muslims like Arabs and Persians, mixed with Han Chinese who converted to Islam. Chinese Muslims are sinophone, speaking Chinese languages, and practice Confucianism.

Hu Songshan harshly criticized those who were non patriotic and those who taught anti nationalist thinking, saying that they were fake Muslims.

Ma Qixi was a Muslim reformer, leader of the Xidaotang, and he taught that Islam could only be understood by using Chinese culture such as Confucianism. He read classic Chinese texts and even took his cue from Laozi when he decided to go on Hajj to Mecca.

He was praised for his guojia yizhi(national consciousness) by non Muslims

It was reported that the Muslim troops were going to wipe out the foreigners to return a golden age for China, and the Muslims repeatedly attacked foreign churches, railways, and legations, before hostilities even started

Various Muslim organizations in China like China Islamic Association (Zhongguo Huijiao Gonghui) and the Chinese Muslim Association were sponsored by the Kuomintang.

Chinese Muslims believed that their Watan(country in Arabic) was the whole of the Republic of China, non-Muslims included.

General Bai Chongxi, the warlord of Guangxi, and a member of the Kuomintang, presented himself as the protector of Islam in China and harbored Muslim intellectuals fleeing from the Japanese invasion in Guangxi, who preached Chinese nationalism and anti imperialism. Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce the Japanese. Translations from Egyptian writings and the Quran were used to support propaganda in favor of a Jihad against Japan.

The Chinese Muslims even forced the Uighur carpet industry at Khotan to change its design to Chinese versions.

The Tungans (Chinese Muslims, Hui people) had anti Japanese sentiment.

General Ma Hushan's brother Ma Zhongying denounced separatism in a speech at Idgah Mosque and told the Uighurs to be loyal to the Chinese government at Nanjing.

The 36th division had crushed the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan, and the Chinese Muslim general Ma Zhancang beheaded the Uighur emirs Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. Ma Zhancang abolished the Islamic Sharia law which was set up by the Uighurs, and set up military rule instead, retaining the former Chinese officials and keeping them in power.

The Uighurs had been promoting Islamism in their separatist government, but Ma Hushan eliminated religion from politics. Islam was barely mentioned or used in politics or life except as a vague spiritual focus for unified opposition against the Soviet Union.

Ma Hushan proclaimed his loyalty to Nanjing, denounced Sheng Shicai as a Soviet puppet, and fought against Soviet Union|Soviet invasion in 1937.

Samaritans - Samaritan origins of Palestinian Muslims in Nablus
Much of the local Palestinian people|Palestinian population of Nablus is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam

For the Samaritans in particular, the passing of the Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakem Edict by the Fatimids in 1021, under which all Jews and Christians in the Fatimid ruled southern Levant were ordered to either convert to Islam or leave, along with another notable forced conversion to Islam imposed at the hands of the rebel Ibn Firāsa, would contribute to their rapid unprecedented decrease, and ultimately almost complete extinction as a separate religious community

In 1940, the future Israeli president and historian Yitzhak Ben-Zvi wrote an article in which he stated that two thirds of the residents of Nablus and the surrounding neighboring villages are of Samaritan origin

Islam in Scotland - Notable Scottish Muslims
* Bashir Mann, former Labour councillor

* Mohammad Sarwar Member of Parliament#United Kingdom|MP - First Muslim MP at Westminster from 1997 to His son Anas Sarwar has succeeded his seat.

* Mona Siddiqui - is a British Muslim academic, currently is a University of Glasgow's Professor of Islamic Studies and Public Understanding, as well a regular contributor to BBC Radio 4, The Times, Scotsman, The Guardian, The Herald

* Viscount Reidhaven, eldest son of the Earl of Seafield.

* Osama Saeed, chief executive of the Scottish-Islamic Foundation

* Mushtaq Ahmad (Lord Lieutenant)|Mushtaq Ahmad, lord lieutenant of Lanarkshire.

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War (1917–1921) - Muslims
Muslims in the Russian Empire were attracted to the Bolsheviks' anti-imperialist stance, due to the imperialism of Western powers over Muslim nations.

Despite their hard anti-religious stance, the Bolsheviks in the years following the revolution and during the civil war, were in a very poor position to fight against Islam in Central Asia. Therefore, the Bolsheviks appealed to them as allies and promised them political independence and religious freedom. Lenin even voiced admiration of Muslims who had fought against imperialism and saw Muslim folk heroes as emblems of the struggle against imperialism.

In 1917 the Bolsheviks made this pronouncement to Muslims in Russia:
Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War (1917–1921) - Muslims In 1917 the Bolsheviks made this pronouncement to Muslims in Russia:

To all toiling Moslems of Russia and the East, whose mosques and prayer-houses have been destroyed, whose beliefs have been trampled on by the czars and the oppressors of Russia

Many Muslims embraced this call and saw this revolution as a means of empowering Islam. An influential group of Central Asian Marxists led by Sultan Galiev then took the initiative to try to reform Islam for the modern era and they were accepted by the state as a buffer between itself and the native population of the central Asian republics. They promoted atheism in Central Asia, but attempted to give the impression that they were not attempting to fight against any religion.

* Biotracker from Ocimum Bio Solutions
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * Biotracker from Ocimum Bio Solutions

* Biotracker Lite from Ocimum Bio Solutions
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * Biotracker Lite from Ocimum Bio Solutions

List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software
* Cyberlab in Cloud (Toplab) from Megaweb websites: [ Megaweb] and [ TOPLAB]

* eQMS::LIMS Pardus d.o.o.
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * eQMS::LIMS Pardus d.o.o.

* LabPlus PRÉVENTION EXPERT CONSEIL INC. (PEC)
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * LabPlus PRÉVENTION EXPERT CONSEIL INC. (PEC)

* LABVANTAGE from Labvantage|LABVANTAGE Solutions
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * LABVANTAGE from Labvantage|LABVANTAGE Solutions

* LDMS from Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * LDMS from Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation

* Matrix Gemini from Autoscribe
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * Matrix Gemini from Autoscribe

* Nautilus from Thermo Fisher Scientific
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * Nautilus from Thermo Fisher Scientific

* Result Point from Accelerated Technology Laboratories, Inc
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * Result Point from Accelerated Technology Laboratories, Inc

* SchuyLab from Schuyler House, Inc
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * SchuyLab from Schuyler House, Inc

* SIMATIC IT Unilab from [ Siemens]

* WinLIMS from LIMS by Quality Systems International (WinLIMS)|QSI Corporation N

* NuGenesis from Waters Corporation www.Waters.com
List of LIMS software packages - Proprietary Laboratory information management system|LIMS software * NuGenesis from Waters Corporation

History of Islam in China - Ming loyalist Muslims
When the Qing dynasty invaded the Ming dynasty in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin and Ding Guodong led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the Manchu conquest of China#The northwest|Milayin rebellion in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor

Bosnian Muslims In the Anglosphere|English-speaking world, Bosniaks are also frequently referred to as Bosnian MuslimsThis term is considered inaccurate since not all Bosniaks profess themselves to Islam or practice the religion

Bosnian Muslims There are well over two million Bosniaks living in the Balkans today, with an estimated additional million settled and living around the world

Bosnian Muslims - Ethnonym and definition
According to the Bosniak entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, the first preserved use of Bosniak in English was by British diplomat and historian Paul Rycaut in 1680 as Bosnack, cognate with post-classical Latin Bosniacus (1682 or earlier), French Bosniaque (1695 or earlier) or German Bosniak (1737 or earlier)

The earliest attestation to a Bosnian ethnonym emerged with the historical term Bošnjanin (Latin: Bosniensis) which denoted the people of the History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (958–1463)|medieval Bosnian kingdom., p

The Bosniaks derive their ethnic name from Bosnia (region)|Bosnia and its likely eponymous river Bosna (river)|Bosna, believed to be of a pre-Slavic linguistic originEnver Imamović, Korijeni Bosne i bosanstva, Sarajevo 1995Imamović, Mustafa (1996)

As such, Bosniak is etymologically equivalent to its non-ethnic counterpart Bosnian (which entered English around the same time via the Middle French Bosnien): a native of Bosnia.

From the point of view of Bosniaks, bosanstvo (Bosnianhood) and bošnjaštvo (Bosniakhood) are closely and mutually connected, because Bosniaks connect their identity with Bosnia and Herzegovina.

However, the concept of nationhood was foreign to the Ottomans at that time – not to mention the idea that Muslims and Christians of some military province could foster any common sur-confessional sense of identity

Bosnian Muslims - Revival
Still others consider all Slavic Muslims in the former Yugoslavia (i.e

Bosnian Muslims - Revival
Prior to this, the great majority of Bosnian Muslims had declared either Ethnically Undecided Muslim or – to a lesser extent – Undecided Yugoslav in censuses pertaining to Yugoslavia as the other available options were Serb-Muslim and Croat Muslims|Croat-Muslim

Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) - Muslims
Muslims make up about 0.6% of Americans and in the 2008 election, 89% of Islam in the United States|Muslim Americans voted for Barack Obama.[ ] Muslim Americans tend to be financially well off, as many in the community are small businessmen and educated professionals

Factions in the Democratic Party (United States) - Muslims
Keith Ellison (politician)|Keith Ellison was elected as first Muslim Congressman in He was elected as Democrats' Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district.

Laboratory information management system - Distinction between a LIMS and a LIS
Up until recently, the LIMS and laboratory information system (LIS) have exhibited a few key differences, making them noticeably separate entities.

*A LIMS traditionally has been designed to process and report data related to batches of samples from biology labs, Sewage treatment|water treatment facilities, Clinical trial|drug trials, and other entities that handle complex batches of data. A LIS has been designed primarily for processing and reporting data related to individual patients in a clinical setting.

* A LIMS may need to satisfy good manufacturing practice (GMP) and meet the reporting and audit needs of the regulatory bodies and research scientists in many different industries. A LIS, however, must satisfy the reporting and auditing needs of health service agencies e.g. the hospital accreditation agency, HIPAA in the US, or other clinical medical practitioners.

*A LIMS is most competitive in group-centric settings (dealing with batches and samples) that often deal with mostly anonymous research-specific laboratory data, whereas a LIS is usually most competitive in patient-centric settings (dealing with subjects and specimens) and clinical labs.

County of Tripoli - Fall to the Muslims
Constant infighting, lack of resources, a series of poor harvests, changes to trade routes and the local economy and Muslim and Mongol military pressure led to the decline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Hui people - Non-Muslims
Throughout history the identity of Hui people has been fluid, changing as was convenient. Some identified as Hui out of interest in their ancestry or because of government benefits. These Hui are concentrated on the southeast coast of China, especially Fujian province.

Some Hui clans around Quanzhou in Fujian, such as the Ding (surname)|Ding and Guo families, identify themselves by nationality but do not practice Islam. In recent years more of these clans identifyied as Hui, increasing the official population. They provided evidence of their ancestry and were recognized as Hui. Many clans across Fujian had genealogies that demonstrated Muslim ancestry. These clans inhabited Fujian, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines.

The Chinese Muslim Association counts these people as Muslims

An attempt was made by the Chinese Islamic Society to convert the Fujian Hui of Fujian back to Islam in 1983, sending 4 Ningxia Imams to Fujian. This futile endeavour ended in 1986, when the final Ningxia Imam left. A similar endeavour in Taiwan also failed.

Before 1982, it was possible for a Han to become Hui by converting. Thereafter converted Han counted instead as Muslim Han.

Hui people consider other Hui who do not observe Islamic practices to still be Hui. They consider it impossible to lose their Hui nationality.

Panthay Rebellion - Impact on Muslims
The Qing dynasty did not massacre Muslims who surrendered, in fact, Muslim General Ma Rulong, who surrendered and joined the Qing campaign to crush the rebel Muslims, was promoted, and became the most powerful military official in the province.

Panthay Rebellion - Impact on Muslims
It was noted that the Qing armies only massacred Muslims who had rebelled, and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising.

List of religious populations - Muslims
'Countries with the greatest proportion of Islam|Muslims from Islam by country () (figures excluding foreign workers in parenthesis):'

# 100 %[ Mapping the World Muslim Population] (90–95% 'Sunni', 5–10% 'Shi'a'[

# 100% (mostly 'Sunni')[ Maldives, South Asia | Window International Network | Transforming the 10/40 Window Nations through the Power of Prayer]

# 99.8% (mostly 'Sunni')

# ~99%[ Afghanistan – CIA World Factbook] (mostly 'Sunni', 20% 'Shi'a')

# 98.3%[ Welcome to the Official Website of AFRICA GLOBAL SISTER CITIES FOUNDATION] (mostly 'Sunni')

# 98% (mostly 'Shi'a')[ The World Factbook]

# 98% (mostly 'Sunni')[ CIA – The World Factbook]

# 97%[ UNDP Sudan | Sudan Overview] (mostly 'Sunni')

# 96.6% (99%)[ The World Factbook] ('Sunni')

# 96.4%[ The World Factbook] (85–90% 'Sunni', 10–15% 'Shi'a')[ Population by Religion] (archived from [ the original] on )

# 94% (mostly 'Sunni')[ CIA World Factbook – Djibouti]

# 93% (mostly 'Sunni')[ Niger], [ worldprayermap.co.uk] (archived from [ the original] on )

# 89.4% ('Sunni')

# 89.3% ('Sunni')[ Egypt adherents, 2010]

'Remarks': Because officially Muslim governments (such as Saudi Arabia,[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Saudi Arabia] Iran,[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Iran] Sudan,[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Sudan] Somalia,[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Somalia] Afghanistan,[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Afghanistan] Pakistan[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Pakistan] and Persian Gulf States[ Report on International Religious Freedom – Near East and North Africa]) that often forcibly suppress other religious beliefs rule a number of traditionally Islamic countries, the figures for these other religious groups could be higher than reported in those nations

Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty - Wars against the Muslims
By 867, the empire had stabilised its position in both the east and the west, while the success of its defensive military structure had enabled the emperors to begin planning wars of reconquest in the east.

The process of reconquest began with variable fortunes. The temporary reconquest of Crete (843) was followed by a crushing Byzantine defeat on the Bosporus, while the emperors were unable to prevent the ongoing Muslim conquest of Sicily (827–902). Using present day Tunisia as their launching pad, the Muslims conquered Palermo in 831, Messina in 842, Enna in 859, Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse in 878, Catania in 900 and the final Greek stronghold, the fortress of Taormina, in 902.

These drawbacks were later counterbalanced by a victorious expedition against Damietta in Egypt (856), the defeat of the Emir of Melitene (863), the confirmation of the imperial authority over Dalmatia (867) and Basil I's offensives towards the Euphrates (870s).

The threat from the Arab Muslims was meanwhile reduced by inner struggles and by the rise of the Turkic peoples|Turks in the east. Muslims received assistance however from the Paulician sect, which had found a large following in the eastern provinces of the Empire and, facing persecution under the Byzantines, often fought under the Arab flag. It took several campaigns to subdue the Paulicians, who were eventually defeated by Basil I.

In 904, disaster struck the empire when its second city, Thessaloniki, was sacked by an Arab fleet led by a Byzantine renegade. The Byzantines responded by destroying an Arab fleet in 908, and sacking the city of Laodicea ad Mare|Laodicea in Syria two years later. Despite this revenge, the Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims, who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911.

The situation on the border with the Arab territories remained fluid, with the Byzantines alternatively on the offensive or defensive

The soldier emperors Nikephoros II Phokas (reigned 963–69) and John I Tzimiskes (969–76) expanded the empire well into Syria, defeating the emirs of north-west Iraq and reconquering Crete and Cyprus. At one point under John, the empire's armies even threatened Jerusalem, far to the south. The emirate of Aleppo and its neighbours became vassals of the empire in the east, where the greatest threat to the empire was the Egyptian Fatimid kingdom.

American Society of Muslims
Deen Mohammed changed the name of the Nation of Islam to the World community of Islam in the West in 1976, and then to the American Muslim Mission in 1981 and then to the American Society of Muslims

American Society of Muslims
The group largely accepted beliefs and practices based on mainstream Sunni Islam, abandoning many of the distinctive claims of the founders of the Nation of Islam. W.D. Mohammed retired as the leader of the association in 2003, and established a charity called The Mosque Cares. The organization disbanded shortly after Mohammed retired in 2003.

American Society of Muslims - History
Finally it settled on the American Society of Muslims

American Society of Muslims - History
(1994)The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, William B

American Society of Muslims - Second renaming
On September 10, 1978 in an address in Atlanta, Georgia, Warith Deen Mohammed resigned from his position as Chief Imam of the World Community of Al-Islam in the West and appointed a Consultative Body of Imams (A'immah) to oversee the activities of the Community

American Society of Muslims - Second renaming
The original 'Council of Imams' consisted of: 1

American Society of Muslims - Third renaming
Mohammed reconstituted the movement as the American Society of Muslims in 1988

In 2002 its numbers were estimated at near 2.5 million persons with a percentage of immigrant and naturalized American citizens from various Muslim ethnic peoples, European Americans, and a majority of African Americans representing five generations since the earliest history of Elijah Mohammed's leadership (1933) and in some cases before.Jocelyne Cesari, When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.197

Warith Deen resigned from the leadership of the American Society of Muslims on August 31, 2003 and established The Mosque Cares. He gave as his reason for resigning that the imams within the organization continued to resist his reforms.Imam W.D. Muhammad, Leader of the American Society of Muslims Resigns, Jet, Johnson Publishing Company, Sep 22, 2003, Vol. 104, No. 13

On December 21, 2003, Imam Mustafa El-Amin was given W.D

American Society of Muslims - Programs and aim
The aim of the American Society of Muslims were to establish an Islamic community life (New Africa) in America and the promotion of a positive image of Al-Islam in America and the world. Its organized school accreditation, publications and business ventures relate to Islamic communal life in America, including the sale and circulation of Halal food. At the time of Imam W. Deen Mohammed death CPC (Collective Purchasing Conference) was underdevelopment.

American Society of Muslims - Publications
(1994)The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, William B

American Society of Muslims - Education
After his father's death W

American Society of Muslims - After 2003
The Mosque Cares president, Wallace Deen Mohammed II, is currently seeking to take central control over the intellectual properties (his name, picture, quotes, writings etc.) of his father. This matter is currently a part of the probate case between Imam W.D. Mohammed's family.

Zionism - Muslims supporting Zionism
Muslims who publicly defended Zionism include Dr. Tawfik Hamid, former member of a terror organization and current Islamic thinker and reformer, Sheikh Prof. Abdul Hadi Palazzi, Director of the Cultural Institute of the Italian Islamic Community, and Tashbih Sayyed, a Pakistani-American scholar, journalist, and author.

On occasion, some non-Arab Muslims such as some Kurds and Berber people|Berbers have also voiced support for Zionism.Islam, Islam, Laïcité, and Amazigh Activism in France and North Africa (2004 paper), Paul A. Silverstein, Department of Anthropology, Reed College[ Why not a Kurdish-Israeli Alliance? (Iran Press Service)]

During the Palestine Mandate era, As'ad Shukeiri, a Muslim scholar ('alim) of the Acre area, and the father of PLO founder Ahmad Shukeiri, rejected the values of the Palestinian Arab national movement and was opposed to the anti-Zionist movement.Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East, Volume 4, Reeva S

The meet led to a joint statement expressing peace and goodwill from Indian Muslims, developing dialogue between Indian Muslims and Israeli Jews, and rejecting the perception that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is of a religious nature.[ American Jewish group takes Indian Muslims to Israel | Indian Muslims] The visit was organized by the American Jewish Committee

open Muslim minds across the world to understand the democratic nature of the state of Israel, especially in the Middle East.[ Dialogue of Democracy: Indian Muslims Visit Israel | YaleGlobal Online Magazine]

Islam in the United States - Modern Muslims
by Muslims began in 1840, with the arrival of Yemeni-American|Yemenis and Turkish-Americans|Turks, and lasted until World War I

* 1906: Bosniaks (Bosniaks|Bosnian Muslims) in Chicago, Illinois, started the Džemijetul Hajrije (Jamaat al-Khayriyya) (The Benevolent Society; a social service organization devoted to Bosnian Muslims)

* 1907: Lipka Tatar immigrants from the Podlasie region of Poland founded the first Muslim organization in New York City, the American Mohammedan Society.

* 1915: What is most likely the first American mosque was founded by Albanian-Americans|Albanian Muslims in Biddeford, Maine. A Muslim cemetery still exists there.Queen, Edward L., Stephen Prothero and Gardiner H. Shattuck Jr The Encyclopedia of American Religious History. New York: Facts on File.

* 1920: First Islamic mission station was established by Mufti Muhammad Sadiq, an Indian Ahmadi Muslim missionary, followed by the building of the Al-Sadiq Mosque in 1921.

* 1929: The Ross Masjid in North Dakota was founded by Syrian Muslims, there is still a cemetery nearby.

* 1934: The first building built specifically to be a Mother Mosque of America|mosque is established in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The Mosque is where Abdullah Igram a notable Muslim veteran would teach the Quran, Abdullah Igram later wrote a letter to President Eisenhower persuading him to add the M option (for Muslims) on military dog tags.

* 1945: A mosque existed in Dearborn, Michigan, home to the largest Arab-American population in the U.S.

Construction of mosques sped up in the 1920s and 1930s, and by 1952, there were over 20 mosques. Although the first mosque was established in the U.S. in 1915, relatively few mosques were founded before the 1960s. Eighty-seven percent of mosques in the U.S. were founded within the last three decades according to the Faith Communities Today (FACT) survey. California has more mosques than any other state.

Two of the most prominent Chinese American Muslims are the Taiwan National Revolutionary Army Generals Ma Hongkui and his son Ma Dunjing ( )|Ma Dunjing, who moved to Los Angeles after fleeing from China to Taiwan

In the year 1857, the Mughal Empire was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and many children and grandchildren of the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II were killed during the conflict. And in the 20th century some descendants of his surviving children emigrated to the United States.

Islam in the United States - Non-denominational Muslims
24% or one in four US-born Muslims are non-denominational, versus 10% of immigrant Muslims.Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices, Pew Research Center

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party - Reaching out to non-Muslims
For the most parts of PAS' history, the party has generally only targeted Malaysian Malay|Malay or Muslim supporters

For example, Khalid Abdul Samad, a lawmaker from PAS representing Shah Alam, has made rare visits to a church and temples to reassure non-Muslim minorities on their religious rights after the March election in 2008

On the 60th anniversary of the party, PAS officially announced the Chinese name for the party is Malaysia Islam Party () with immediate effect. Previously, the Chinese name of the party is called Hui people|Hui Party (马来西亚回教党） which the terminology Hui is unscientific and does not meet the international religious nature. The Chinese since ancient times tend to use the word Hui to show that Islam is the religion of the Hui's faith.[ 宣布正名马来西亚伊斯兰党]

Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt - Relations with non-Muslims
Talking to television channel France 24 shortly before he was elected president, Mohammed Morsi stated: The majority of the people are Muslims and the non-Muslims, our brothers, are citizens with full responsibilities and rights and there is no difference between them

In late April 2013 a fatwa issued by a member of the MB general guide's office -- 'Abd Al-Rahman Al-Barr (who is often referred to as the movement's mufti) -- forbade Muslims from greeting Christians on their Easter holiday,It also noted some Salafi leaders forbade Muslims to greet Christians on any Christian holiday, but that the Egyptian Muslim establishment opposed these fatwas and stated greetings were allowed

Another article in newsobserver.com noted President and former MB official Mohammed Morsi has done little to assuage concerns of Christians by being slow to condemn the latest round of sectarian violence in April 2013, not attend the naming of the Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria|new Coptic pope, and having no plans to attend Coptic Easter services – an annual custom of the Hosni Mubarak|former Egyptian President.

The party's page claimed that the Church had declared war against Islam and Muslims

Kodagu - Muslims and Christians
A number of Muslims from the Malabar coast (Kerala Mappilas), have settled in Virajpet (the Southern part of Kodagu) as traders

Kodagu - Muslims and Christians
A small number of Mangalorean Catholics are also found in Kodagu

1975 Virginia Slims Championships
The '1975 Virginia Slims Championships' were the fourth season-ending WTA Tour Championships|Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1975 WTA Tour|Virginia Slims Circuit

1975 Virginia Slims Championships - Doubles
Margaret Court / Virginia Wade defeated Rosemary Casals / Billie Jean King, 6–7(2–7), 7–6, 6–2

1984 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles - Seeds
# Andrea Jaeger (First Round)

Hana Mandlíková (Quarterfinals)

Andrea Temesvári (First Round)

Hyderabadi Muslims 'Hyderabadi Muslims' are a community of Urdu-speaking Muslims from the area that used to be the Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad, India

Hyderabadi Muslims - History
The Deccan plateau acted as a bulwark sheltering South India from the invasions and political turmoil that affected North India. This allowed the Muslim-ruled state of Hyderabad to develop a distinctive culture during the Qutb Shahi dynasty, Mughal Empire|Mughal Aurangzeb and later the Asaf Jahi dynasty of the Nizams.

According to Time (magazine)|Time, the Osman Ali Khan|seventh Nizam was the richest man in the world during the late 1940s, and fifth richest person of all time according to Forbes Magazine after adjustment for inflation and currency purchasing power parity.

The aristocracy, jagirdars and deshmukhs (wealthy landowners), and even minor government officials, could afford to hire servants, usually also Muslims, in a social order similar to the class system of Victorian England

The relative isolation of Hyderabad until Hyderabad Campaign (1948)|annexation to India, its distinctive dialect of Urdu and the strong web of interconnecting family relationships that still characterizes Hyderabadi Muslims, sometimes leads to charges of parochialism from other Indian Muslim communities, but it also ensures a Hyderabadi Muslim identity endures among the Indian diaspora.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Demographics and distribution
The largest concentration of Hyderabadi Muslims is in the city of Hyderabad. After the Partition of India and the Operation Polo|Incorporation of Hyderabad by India, the Muslims of the state lost their privileged status, so significant numbers chose to migrate to other countries such as Pakistan, the Arab States of the Persian Gulf, the United States, UK, Canada and Australia.#Leonard07|Leonard 2007#Leonard09|Leonard 2009

Because of its status as the richest of the princely states in India and being ruled by a Muslim leader, Hyderabad State attracted Muslims from all around India and even other countries in search of work

A section of Hyderabadi Muslims are of Hadhrami people|Hadhrami Arab origin, who came to serve in the Nizam's military. They are known as Chaush and mostly reside in the Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas neighbourhood of Hyderabad. There are also some Siddis who are of African descent.#Yimene04|Yimene 2004#Ali96|Ali 1996: 193–202

In Pakistan, most of the Hyderabadi migrants are settled in the southern port city of Karachi

Hyderabadi Muslims - Politics
A rival breakaway faction of the AIMIM is the Majlis Bachao Tehreek that also claims to represent the interests of Muslims in Hyderabad.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Politics
Hyderabadi Muslims were also at the forefront of the formation of the Comrades Association in 1939, one of the first communist organizations in Hyderabad which struggled against the Nizam

Hyderabadi Muslims - Language and literature
One of the most identifiable markers of Hyderabadi Muslim culture is the Hyderabadi Urdu|local dialect of Urdu

The other important characteristic of the natives is cultural refinement in terms of interpersonal communication, referred to as 'meethi boli' (or, sweet and civilised speech). 'Tameez', 'tahzeeb' and 'akhlaq' (etiquette, custom, and tradition) are considered very important and guests are treated well with lot of 'mahmaan nawaazi' (hospitality).

Among the famous Hyderabadi Urdu poets are Amjad Hyderabadi, Dagh Dehalvi, Molana Mufti Mir Ashraf Ali, Safi Aurangabadi Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Sulaiman Areeb and khawja Shouq. Others poets who made Hyderabad their home for a significant amount of time include Josh Malihabadi and Fani Badayuni. Although not a Muslim himself, Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad was steeped in Hyderabadi Muslim culture and wrote Urdu poetry under the pen name of Shad ().

Hyderabadi Muslims - Cuisine
Some famous Hyderabadi cuisine (dishes) that are served at weddings are: Hyderabadi Biryani, Hyderabadi Haleem|Haleem, Khubani ka Mitha, Gil-e-Firdaus, Double Ka Meetha, Luqmi, Dum ka qimah, Marag (soup)|Marag, Kaddu ki Kheer, Mirchi ka Salan and Baghare Baigan.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Cuisine
Other popular food items are: Chakna, Tamate ka Kut, Khatti Dal, Dalcha, Shirmal, Rawghani Roti, Nahari, Pasande, Pathar Ka Ghosht, Naan, Dum Ka Murgh, Khagina, Katche Gosht Ki Biryani, Khichdi, Nargisi Kheema, Shaami, Kofte, Tala Hua Ghosht, Poori, Kheer, Sheer Khorma, Til ka Khatta, Til ki Chutney and Qubuli,shikampur,Tahari,shawarma.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Khada Dupatta
The Khada Dupatta or Khara Dupatta(uncut veil) is an outfit composed of a kurta (tunic), chooridaar (ruched pair of pants), and 6 yard dupatta (veil) and is traditionally worn by Hyderabad brides. Sometimes the kurta is sleeveless and worn over a koti resembling a choli. The bride also wears a matching ghoonghat (veil) over her head. The accompanying jewellery is:

*Tika (a medallion of uncut diamonds worn on the forehead and suspended by a string of pearls)

*Nath (a nose ring with a large ruby bead flanked by two pearls)

*Chintaak also known as Jadaoo Zevar (a choker studded with uncut diamonds and precious stones)

*Kan phool (earrings that match the Chintaak and consist of a flower motif covering the ear lobe and a bell shaped ornament that is suspended from the flower. The weight of precious stones and gold in the Karan phool is held up by sahare or supports made of strands of pearls that are fastened into the wearers hair.)

*Satlada (neck ornament of seven strands of pearls set with emeralds, diamonds and rubies)

*Jugni (neck ornament of several strands of pearls with a central pendant)

*Gote (Shellac bangles studded with rhinestones and worn with gold coloured glass bangles called sonabai)

Hyderabadi Muslims - Sherwani
The Sherwani is the traditional men's garb of Hyderabad

Hyderabadi Muslims - Sherwani
The sherwani is closely associated with Hyderabad, although it has spread since to the rest of India and to Pakistan. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru adapted its design and turned it into his trademark Nehru Jacket, further popularizing the garment.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Religion
Sunni Muslims mostly follow the Hanafi school of Islamic Jurisprudence, although the Chaush community follows the Shafi'i school of thought and mainly reside in areas close to Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas, the former Military Barracks of the Nizam, an area where the residents are mainly of Hadhrami people|Hadhrami Arab descent from Yemen

Religious knowledge and its propagation flourished under the Nizam with institutions like the world famous Jamia Nizamia (Jami'ah Nizamiyyah) of Hyderabad. The largest Mosque of Hyderabad, the Makkah Masjid gathers congregations of two hundred thousand and more on special occasions of Eid prayers and especially of Jumu'at-al Wida' ( the last Friday of Ramadan )

Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami founder Abul Ala Maududi, Tablighi jamaat key player maulana abid khan sahab, Sunni Barelvi scholar Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Shia scholar Allamah Rasheed Turabi

Hyderabadi Muslims - Writers and poets
* Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri,(1933), Moorrakheen-E-Hind, Bibliographical Studies In Indo-Muslim History (in Urdu)

* Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri, Urdu writer, critic, author and politician, President of Lutfuddaulah Oriental Research Institute, Hyderabad. '(Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri S/o Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri)'

* Mohiuddin Qadri Zore, Urdu poet literary critic and historian, established Idare Adabiyaat-e-Urdu in Hyderabad.

*Ali Haider Tabatabai, Urdu expert, Head of Translations Department (Darul Tarjuma) at Osmania University

* Amjad Hyderabadi, Urdu poet of Ruba'i

* Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Urdu poet and Marxist politician

* Sulaiman Areeb, Urdu poet

* Fani Badayuni, Urdu poet

* Fatima Surayya Bajia, novelist and playwright (Karachi,Pakistan)

* Razaul Jabbar, author of many books, Settled in Canada.

* Omar Khalidi, author of Hyderabad: After the Fall and others, migrated to US.

* Masood Ali Khan, authored Islamic and cultural encyclopedia.

* Awaz Sayeed, Urdu writer of short stories and biographer.

* M. A. Muqtedar Khan, Political Science Professor, Islamic Philosopher and Muslim intellectual.

* Yousuf Hussain Khan, was a historian, scholar, educationist, critic and author.

* Ahmed Abdullah Masdoosi, poet

* Khaja Abdul Gafoor IAS, Urdu writer, administrator.

* Dr.Fareeda Zain (Urdu writer short stories) 8 Books Life achievement award from AP Urdu Acdemt 2011

Hyderabadi Muslims - Religious scholars
* Maulana Shah Muhammed Kamal ur Rahman sahab D.B, The true Sufi in Qadria, Chistiya and Naqshbandi Sufi order [ The teacing of islam and tasawwuf]

* Maulana Abid khan sahab Rah, member of ahle shura(advisory council), important Islamic scholar of tablighi jamaat.

* Muhammad Abdul Qadeer Siddiqi Qadri|Bahr-Ul-Uloom Hazrat Muhammad Abdul Qadeer Siddiqi Qadri, first head of the Department of Theology, Osmania University.

* Muhammad Hamidullah, professor, translator of Quran into French and academic author.

* Abul Ala Maududi, founder of the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami

* M. A. Muqtedar Khan, a reformist Islamic thinker and strong advocate of Ijtihad * [ Muqtedar Khan's website on Ijtihad]

* Hameeduddin Aqil, founder of the Darul Uloom Hyderabad

* Rasheed Turabi, Islamic scholar

* Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui, Islamic scholar migrated to Pakistan.

* Mohammed Murtuza Siddiqui, Islamic scholar and author of The Message of the Qur'an as interpreted by Maulana Azad.

* Dr. Hashim Amir Ali, Islamic scholar and translator of the Quran in English under the title, The Message of the Quran – presented in perspective (1974)

Hyderabadi Muslims - Artists
* Babban Khan, Theater Personality, Adrak Ke Punje Fame. Longest One Man Show, Guinness Book of World Records.

* Fatima Surayya Bajia, Renowned Urdu novelist, playwright and drama writer of Pakistan. She has been awarded various awards at home and abroad including Japan's highest civil award in recognition of her works

* Moin Akhtar, television, film and stage actor, as well as a humorist, comedian, impersonator, host, play writer, singer, film director and a producer

* Hamed Kamal, famous hyderabadi comedian, DEDH MATWALE GROUP

* Warsi Brothers, qawwali musicians

* Moughni Farooki, Ghazal Singer

* Mohammad Irfan Ali, singer and winner of Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star

* Zubaida Tariq, is a renowned chef and cooking expert from Pakistan

* kamal Raza Late, Famous Comedian - Hungama

Hyderabadi Muslims - Academics
* Dr. Asim Ansari - William T. Dillard Professor of Marketing at Columbia University Business School, Columbia University, New York, USA.

* Quadir Hussain Khan - First Indian Principal of elite Nizam College fro Hyderabad Nobility.

* Mrs Khursheed Hameed Pasha, First women to become the District Educational Officer for the state.

* Mr. K M Arifuddin, Secretary, Madina Group of Institutions.

* Dr Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan, Founder, Shadan Group of Institutions.

* Begum Anees Khan, Founder Principal, Nasr Group of Schools.

* Mrs. Anjum Babukhan - Director of Education, Glendale Academy.

* Dr. Khaja Naseeruddin - Senior Physiotherapist

Hyderabadi Muslims - Scientists
* Raziuddin Siddiqui, theoretical physicist who was member of imperial Britain's nuclear physicist delegation, which was led by British Scientist William Penney (father of the British Nuclear Bomb), to the US Atomic Bomb-Manhattan Project. Participated in nuclear weapons programs of US-Manhattan Project and UK-Tube Alloys Project.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Scientists
* Ahmed Mohiuddin, founder of the Pakistan Zoological Society, authored 37 books on scientific researchs.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Politicians
* Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri, Padmashri Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri he was Freedom Fighter, Executive Member, Pradesh Congress Committee, Member AICC, he was Member Andhra Pradesh Library Committee, further he was convener of Publicity and Propaganda Committee of Hyderabad Congress Session in 1953, he was elected M.L.C. in 1960 to 1980 that is 20 years from Guntur Zilla Perishad, from Assembly and Nominated by President of India, he was Chairman A.P. State Hajj Committee in 1982 to 84.

* Suhail A. Khan, American conservative political activist, Senior Fellow for Muslim-Christian Understanding at the Institute for Global Engagement and Director of External Affairs at Microsoft Corporation.

* Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain, former President of India.[ Welcome to the Integrated Institute Professional Studies (IIPS)]. Iipspatna.org. Retrieved on [ Zakir Husain (president of India) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]. Britannica.com (3 May 1969). Retrieved on

* Bahadur Yar Jung, political leader.

* Salar-e-Millat Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi AIMIM

* Naqeeb-e-Millat Asaduddin Owaisi AIMIM

* Habeeb-e-Millat Akbaruddin Owaisi AIMIM

* Mohammad Majid Hussain AIMIM - Mayor of Hyderabad since 2012.

* Mohammed Amanullah Khan, Majlis Bachao Tehreek|MBT

* Shabbir Ali, Ex-Minister during Indian National Congress rule in AP.

* Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan (20 November 1899 – 1994) governor of Uttar Pradesh in India from 1972 to 1974 and governor of Orissa from 1974 to Member of the Rajya Sabha for 18 years.

* Bashiruddin Babukhan, Former Minister for Higher Education, Major Industries, Tourism Minorities Welfare - AP (1989, ).

Hyderabadi Muslims - Military Services
* Mohammad Ahmed Zaki, former Lieutenant General and Director General of the Indian Army Infantry and Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia (1997–2000).

* karnal syed ameeruddin, Major General of the Nizam army under British Raj|British rule

* Syed Mohammad Ahsan, Admiral and former Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff, Pakistan Navy. Served as Weapon Engineer Officer (WEO) -Royal Naval Engineers, United Kingdom during the Second World War. Recipient of the United Kingdom's Distinguished Service Order military medal.

* Shahid Karimullah, Admiral and former four-star naval officer. Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), Pakistan Navy from 2002 to Graduate of the United States Naval War College. Recipient of the United States military Legion of Merit medal and French military Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour) medal. Former senior officer of the Pakistan Navy Elite Special Service Group (Navy)- SSGN commando division.

* Sultan Mahmood (India)|Sultan Mehmood, former Major General of the Indian Army.

* Ibrahim Habibullah, former Major General of the Indian Army| former Commandant of Indian National Defence Academy.

* Sami Khan, former Lieutenant General of the Indian Army| former Commandant of Indian National Defence Academy.

* Captain Mateen Ansari, British Indian Army Military Officer and graduate of Indian Military Academy. Served in the British Indian Army as a part of the 5th Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment in World War II. Posthumous recipient of the British George Cross military medal.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Administrators
* Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli, former Director of Political Military Affairs, United States National Security Council, USA. Previously served as a research professor at Johns Hopkins University Foreign Policy Institute at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, in Washington DC, USA.

* Syed Hashim Ali Akhtar, IAS, Vice-Chancellor Osmania University and Aligarh Muslim University.

* Sohail Mohammed, New Jersey Superior Court Judge in 2011.

* Abid Hussain IAS, Diplomat and since 2011 Chancellor of English and Foreign Languages University.

* Shujath Ali IIS, Dy Director (News), Doordarshan, Govt of India

* Dr. Hakeem. Syed Qudratullah Qadri, Former Principal and Professor, Government Nizamia Tibbi College and Founder of Fazil Academy

Hyderabad State with the Indian Union,served as the Finance Secretary to the government of

Andhra Pradesh, Indian Union.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Journalists
* Padmashri Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri - Editor, Risala Tarikh, Saltanat Daily, Paisa Akhbar Daily and Insaaf Daily.(Urdu)

* Sayyid Saadullah Qadri - Editor, Film Magazine, Managing Editor Saltanat Daily. (Urdu)

* Sayyid Imdadullah Qadri - Managing Editor, Saltanat Daily, Insaaf Daily and Paisa Akhbar Daily(Urdu)

* Zahid Ali Khan - Chief Editor, The Siasat Daily (Urdu Daily).

* Syed Viqaruddin - Chief Editor of Rahnuma-e-Deccan (Urdu Daily).

* Khan Lateef Mohammed Khan - Editor-in-Chief Roznama Munsif Chairman Munsif Group.

* Ata Mohammed Khan - Former senior editor, Munsif Daily.

* Mohammad Mubbashir Sayeed -News Editor ETV URDU

* Syed Ahmed Jeelani - Senior News Anchor/CE, Etv Urdu.

* Mirza Ghani Baig - Copy Editor Reporter Etv Urdu.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Football and hockey
* Rahim Saab|Syed Abdul Rahim (Football)

* Syed Nayeemuddin (Football)

* Yousuf Khan (soccer player)|Yousuf Khan, Football- Olympics 1960 Rome

* Mohammed Habeeb Khan Football- Former Captain FC Mohammeden, East Bengal Mohan Bagan in Calcutta League

Hyderabadi Muslims - Tennis and other sports
* Syed Asif Quadri (Tennis) represented India at the Wimbledon championships in 1954.

Hyderabadi Muslims - Tennis and other sports
* Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan (Bodybuilder)

Hyderabadi Muslims - Others
* Syed Shuttari - Founder LetsLunch.com

* Omer Abdullah Bin Mahfooz

Hameed Pasha - Ball Badminton; All India Sports Council

The '1977 Virginia Slims Championships' were the sixth season-ending WTA Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1977 WTA Tour

Expedition of Al Raji - Attack on muslims
When the Muslim party arrived at al-Raji, the delegation took rest for the night. Then a completely surprising attack with swords was initiated on the six Muslims to extract money from them. They promised not to kill them, but to derive money as ransom.

However, the Muslims refused to believe the promise of the polytheists and fought back. All the Muslims, except Zayd bin al-Dathinnah, Khubyab bin Adi and Abd Allah bin Tariq were killed. These three Muslims surrendered and were taken as prisoners to be sold in Mecca. Zayd bin al-Dathinah was sold to Safwan ibn Umayya, Abu Sufyan wanted to spare his life in exchange for the life of Muhammad. But Zayd’s love for Muhammad was so great that he did not want Muhammad to be hurt even by a thorn prick.

According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, the Quraysh ordered Khubyab bin Adi to be crucified by Uqba bin al-Harith because he had killed Uqba bin al-Harith's father. He also mentions Zayd bin al-Dathinnah was purchased by Safwan ibn Umayya, and he killed Zayd bin al-Dathinnah because he murdered his father.

After killing Asim ibn Thabit, Hudhayl wanted to sell his head.Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp

It was then that Khubaib (one prisoner) who first set the tradition of praying in prostration before being executed. According to Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar), he then said:

O Lord! Count them one by one, exterminate them to the last one.

Expedition of Al Raji - Motives for attacking Muslims
According to William Montgomery Watt, the most common version of the event states that the motives of the Banu Lahyan for attacking Muslims, was that the Banu Lahyan wanted to get revenge for the Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation

Expedition of Al Raji - Motives for attacking Muslims
Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari as follows:Kailtyn Chick, [ Kailtyn Chick], p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013

2002 Gujarat violence - Attacks on Muslims
In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that many attacks were focused not only on Muslim populations, but on Muslim women and children

It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women had been gang raped and then burned to death. Children were killed by being burnt alive and those digging mass graves described the bodies as burned and butchered beyond recognition.

Children were force fed petrol and then set on fire, pregnant women were gutted and their unborn child's body then shown to the women

Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires

A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence

According to Vandana Shiva Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva.

Dionne Bunsha, writing on the Gulbarg Society massacre and murder of Ehsan Jafri, has said that Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked for refusing to say Jai Shri Ram. He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, following this the rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys, to death. After the massacre Gulbarg burned for a week.

1986 Virginia Slims Championships (March) – Singles - Seeds
# Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (Quarterfinals)

Helena Suková (Quarterfinals)

Manuela Maleeva (First Round)

1986 Virginia Slims Championships (March) – Singles - Draw
| RD2-team02= Bonnie Gadusek

1986 Virginia Slims Championships (March) – Singles - Draw
| RD2-team06= Claudia Kohde-Kilsch

Islam in Thailand - Malay Muslims
In the three Southernmost border provinces, the vast majority of the local Muslim population is predominantly Thai Malays|Malay in origin. These people, known colloquially as Yawi people|Yawi, speak a dialect of Malay that is not mutually understood by Thai speakers.[ This adds to the culturally unique identity of Thai Malay Muslims.

Islam in Thailand - Malay Muslims
The high number of Malay origin inhabitants in the Southern region is due the historical nature of the area, which was once known as the Pattani Kingdom, an Islamic Malay kingdom established in the nineteenth century, but later annexed to Siam (the older name of Thailand).[ Similarly, there is an ethnic Thai minority in Northern Malaysia.

Islam in Thailand - Chinese Muslims
In the far North, as well as in select Central and Southern urban areas, there are pockets of Thai Muslims of Chinese Hui people|Hui origin.[ ] Most Chinese Muslims belong to a group of people called 'Chin Ho' or 'Haw' in the Thai Language, although most of the Chin Haw|Chin Ho are not Muslim

1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles
Steffi Graf was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Pam Shriver.

A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.

# Martina Navrátilová (Quarterfinals)

1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles - Draw
* Nota bene|NB: The Final was the best of 5 sets while all other rounds were the best of 3 sets.

Expedition of Bir Maona - Attack on Muslims
The Muslims fought back, but in the end, all of them were killed except for Ka‘b bin Zaid bin An-Najjar who was carried wounded from among the dead

When the news of this massacreSir William Muir, [ The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3], p

Then he found out that they had been given a Dhimmi|pledge of protection by Muhammad. He told Muhammad what he had done. Then Muhammad said to ‘Amr, that he (Muhammad) must pay a debt for the killing of those he pledged protection to (the Dhimmi|Dhimmi's)

Muhammad was so deeply moved by this tragedy that he used to invoke God's wrath against those people and tribes who killed his Companions. Anas reported that for thirty days Muhammad supplicated God against those who killed his Companions at Ma‘una Well.

Every dawn prayer he would invoke God's wrath against Ri‘l, Dhakwan, Lihyan and ‘Usaiyah tribes. He would say,

Usaiyah disobeyed Allâh and His Messenger. '[Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/ ]'

A new Qur’ânic verse was revealed that he kept on reciting till it was Naskh (tafsir)|abrogated later on:Inform our folk that we have encountered our Lord and He is satisfied with us and we are satisfied with Him (Quran 3: ).

Expedition of Bir Maona - Motives for attacking Muslims
According to William Montgomery Watt, the motives of the Banu Lahyan for attacking Muslims, was that the Banu Lahyan wanted to get revenge for the Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais|assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation. ([ online])

Martina Navratilova was the defending champion and defended her title against Helena Suková.

Navrátilová defeated Goolagong in the final 7–6, 6–4. Chris Evert was the defending champion, but did not qualify.

The '1974 Virginia Slims Championships' were the third season-ending WTA Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1974 Virginia Slims circuit. It was held from October 14–19, in Los Angeles, United States. The 16 best performers of the circuit qualified for the championship as well as the four best doubles teams. Third-seeded Evonne Goolagong won the singles title and the accompanying $32,000 first prize.

# Nancy Richey (First Round)

# Margaret Smith Court (First Round)

Rosie Casals (First Round)

Wendy Overton (Quarterfinals)

1986 Virginia Slims Championships (November) – Singles - Seeds
# Hana Mandlíková (Quarterfinals)

1986 Virginia Slims Championships (November) – Singles - Seeds
# Helena Suková (Semifinals)

1986 Virginia Slims Championships (November) – Singles - Draw
| RD2-team05= Claudia Kohde-Kilsch

Islam in Australia - Aboriginal Muslims
Many are converts and some are descendants of Afghan cameleers or, as in the Arnhem Land people, have Macassan ancestry as a result of the historical Makassan contact with Australia.[ Aboriginal Muslims Find Strength In Islam :: MuslimVillage.net] In north east Arnhem Land, there is some Islamic influence on the songs, paintings, dances, prayers with certains hymns to Allah and funeral rituals like facing west during prayers, roughly the direction of Mecca, and ritual prostration reminiscent of the Muslim sujud

Islam in Australia - Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese people|Lebanese Muslims form the core of Australia's Muslim Arab population, particularly in Sydney where most Arabs in Australia live. Approximately 3.4% of Sydney's population are Muslim. Adherents of the Sunni denomination of Islam are concentrated in the suburb of Lakemba, New South Wales|Lakemba and surrounding areas such as Punchbowl, New South Wales|Punchbowl, Wiley Park, New South Wales|Wiley Park, Bankstown, New South Wales|Bankstown and Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn.

Islam in Australia - Somali Muslims
Although the first Somali people|Somali community in Victoria (Australia)|Victoria was established in 1988, most Somalis began to settle in the country in the early 1990s following the civil war in Somalia.[ History of immigration from Somalia] Somalis are active in the wider Australian Muslim community, and have also contributed significantly to local business.[ Senator Evans to attend Somali festivities in Melbourne]

Islam in Australia - Turkish Muslims
The majority of Turkish Muslims in Sydney are from Auburn, Eastlakes and Prestons

Islam in Australia - Notable Australian Muslims
*David Hicks|Muhammed Dawood - former Muslim

*Islamic Information and Services Network of Australasia#Abu Hamza|Abu Hamza

*Anthony Mundine

Gabriela Sabatini was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Steffi Graf.

Zina Garrison (Quarterfinals)

Monica Seles (Quarterfinals)

Zhengde Emperor - Relation with Muslims
The Zhengde Emperor was fascinated by foreigners and invited many Muslims to serve as advisors, eunuchs, and envoys at his court. His court was reportedly full of Muslims, and artwork such as porcelain from his court contained Islamic calligraphy|Islamic inscriptions in Arabic or Persian. He was also said to wear Muslim clothing and alleged to have converted to Islam. Muslim eunuchs ran many of his state affairs.

According to Bret Hinsch in the book Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China, Zhengde Emperor had an alleged homosexual relationship with a Muslim leader from Hami City|Hami, named Sayyid Husain, who served as the overseer in Hami during the Ming–Turpan conflict|Ming-Turpan border wars, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources.

The Zhengde Emperor also had many relationships with foreign Muslim women. He sought the daughters of many of his officials. The other Muslim in his court, a Central Asian called Yu Yung, sent Central Asian Uighur female dancers to Zhengde's quarters for sexual purposes. The emperor liked foreign women such as Mongols and Uighur.

Zhengde was noted for having a Uyghur people|Uighur woman as one of his favorite concubines. Her last name was Ma, and she was reportedly trained in military and musical arts, in archery, horse riding, and singing music from Turkestan, as well as being able to speak in several languages.

The '1973 Virginia Slims Championships' were the second season-ending WTA Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1973 Virginia Slims circuit. It was held from October 15 to 23, 1973 in Boca Raton, United States.

1973 Virginia Slims Championships - Doubles
'Rosemary Casals / Margaret Court' defeated Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve, 6–2, 6–4.

Sylvia Hanika was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Martina Navratilova.

Navratilova won the singles title at the 1983 Virginia Slims Championships tennis tournament, defeating Chris Evert|Chris Evert-Lloyd in the final 6–2, 6–0.

Martina Navratilova was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Sabatini.

# Martina Navratilova (Quarterfinals)

Sindhi people - Sindhi Muslims
With Sindh's stable prosperity and its strategic geographical possession, it is not surprising that it was subject to successive conquests by foreign empires. In 712 A.D., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the ‘Arabian gateway’ into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam).

Sindhi culture also has certain Persian influences as Sindh was exposed to cultural, religious and linguistic influence from Islamic Persia. Most significantly, numerous Persian language|Persian loanwords made their way into the Sindhi language|Sindhi language along with the Nastaʿlīq script, in which modern Sindhi is written today.

Muslim Sindhis tend to follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a substantial minority of Shia Ithna 'ashariyah. The Sufism has made a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and Dargah|Sufi shrines dot the landscape of Sindh.

The '1976 Virginia Slims Championships' were the fifth season-ending WTA Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1976 Virginia Slims circuit

2012 Rakhine State riots - Expulsion of Muslims from Sittwe
Only few hundred households were left in the ghetto-like Mingalar Ward where they are kept segregated and confined. Buddhists in Rakhine are calling for further internment and expulsion of Muslims who cannot prove three generations of legal residence - a large part of the nearly one million Muslims from the state.

Islam in New Zealand - Maori Muslims
The leader of the AMMA, Sheikh Eshaq Te Amorangi Morgan Kireka-Whaanga was recently identified among the top 500 most influential Muslims.The 500 Most Influential Muslims by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (Amman, 2010), page.129

Goan Muslims The 'Goan Muslims' are a minority community who follow Islam in the western Indian coastal state of Goa. They are native to Goa, unlike recent Muslim migrants from Karnataka.

Goan Muslims They are commonly referred as Moir () by Goan Catholics and Hindus. Moir is derived from the Portuguese language|Portuguese word mour (Moors). The Portuguese call them Mouros because they (and the Spaniards in contact with the Muslims of Mauritania, who had conquered the Iberian Peninsula) were called Mouros and later generalized as Mouros.

Goan Muslims - History Later, however, Arab Muslim commercial traders migrated to Goa by force of conquest and established their society; this was the first forceful influx of Muslims into Goa, which led the local Hindus to migrate elsewhere.

Goan Muslims - History The Delhi Sultanate took over Goa in 1312, destroying the city of Govapuri and demolishing shrines

Goan Muslims - History The Persecution of Muslims|Muslims were persecuted and forced to convert to Catholicism, killed or exiled

Goan Muslims - Demography
The Muslims constitute nearly 7% of Goa population.

Goan Muslims - Culture The majority of Goan Muslims follow Sunni Islam, the predominant groups being that of Mullas/Mujawars, Sayeds, Shaikhs (Xec in Portuguese), Khans/Pathans, Khojas, Bhatiars (cooks), Bhoras (merchants) and Manyars (bangle-makers).

They observe all Muslim holidays and festivals.
Goan Muslims - Culture They observe all Muslim holidays and festivals.

Goan Muslims - Culture Goan Muslims as well as people from other religions are governed by a [ Uniform civil code] based on the progressive old Portuguese Family Laws; unsuccessful attempts were made for a change to Shariat|Muslim personal law.Personal law of Hindus and Muslims is not recognized in Goa.

Goan Muslims - Culture Goans have a history of peace and harmony, without religious violence; one exception was a Religious violence in India|Hindu-Muslim riot on March 3–4, 2006.

Goan Muslims - Culture In common with all Goans, rice and fish are the Muslims' staple foods; sea food is preferred to Goat meat|goat meat, and biryani is a delicacy during festivals like Eid.

Goan Muslims - Notes *...Hindu Kristao 'Moir' sogle bhau- Hindus,Christians and Muslims are all brothers...

Goan Muslims - Notes *...अरबांशी विवाह्....बळजबरिने बाटवून...स्वेच्छेने इस्लाम स्विकारुन...Gomantak:Prakruti ani Sanskruti-Goa:Nature and Culture,volume I,by Satoskar B.D

Muslims in Western Europe
This article deals with the history and evolution of the presence of 'Islam in Europe'.

Muslims in Western Europe - The Balkans, Russia and Ukraine
There are accounts of the Volga trade route|trade connections between the Muslims and the Rus' (people)|Rus, apparently people from Baltic region who made their way towards the Black Sea through European Russia|Central Russia

Muslims in Western Europe - The Balkans, Russia and Ukraine
The Mongols began their Mongol invasion of Rus'|conquest of Rus', Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgaria, and the Cumania|Cuman-Kipchak Confederation (present day Russia and Ukraine) in the 13th century

Muslims in Western Europe - Balkans during the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire began its Ottoman wars in Europe|expansion into Europe by taking the European portions of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries up until the 1453 fall of Constantinople|capture of Constantinople, establishing Islam as the state religion in the region

Between 1354 (when the Ottomans crossed into Europe at Gallipolli) and 1526, the Empire had conquered the territory of present day Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Hungary

For most of this period, the Ottoman retreats were accompanied by Muslim refugees from these province (in almost all cases converts from the previous subject populations), leaving few Muslim inhabitants in Hungary, Croatia, and the Transylvania region of present day Romania. Bulgaria remained under Ottoman rule until around 1878, and currently its population includes about 131,000 Muslims (2001 Census) (see Pomaks).

Bosnia was conquered by the Ottomans in 1463, and a large portion of the population converted to Islam in the first 200 years of Ottoman domination

Muslims in Western Europe - Conversion to Islam
Apart from the effect of a lengthy period under Ottoman domination, many of the subject population were converted to Islam as a result of a deliberate move by the Ottomans as part of a policy of ensuring the loyalty of the population against a potential Venetian invasion

Muslims in Western Europe - Iberia and Southern France
Muslim forays into Europe began shortly after the religion's inception, with a short lived invasion of Byzantine Sicily by a small Rashidun army|Arab and Berber force that landed in 652

Al-Andalus has been estimated to have had a Muslim majority by the 10th century after most of the local population converted to Islam.Albert Hourani|Hourani, Albert, History of the Arab Peoples, Faber Faber, 2002, ISBN This coincided with the La Convivencia period of the Iberian Peninsula as well as the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain

In the 8th century, Muslim forces pushed beyond Spain into Aquitaine, in southern France, but suffered a temporary setback when defeated by Odo the Great|Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine, at the Battle of Toulouse (721)

At the same time, Muslim forces managed to History of Islam in southern Italy|capture Sicily and portions of southern Italy, and even Sack of Rome (846)|sacked Rome in 846 and later Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula|sacked Pisa in 1004.

Muslims in Western Europe - Sicily
Sicily was gradually conquered by the Arabs and Berber people|Berbers from 827 onward, and the Emirate of Sicily was established in 965. They held onto the region until their Norman conquest of southern Italy|expulsion by the Normans in 1072.[ Roger II - Encyclopædia Britannica][ Tracing The Norman Rulers of Sicily]

Muslims in Western Europe - Sicily
The dhimmi were also required to pay the jizya, or poll tax, and the kharaj or land tax, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (Zakaat)

Muslims in Western Europe - Cultural impact and Christian interaction
The Christian Reconquesta|reconquests the Iberian peninsula and southern Italy helped to reintroduce ideas and concepts lost to the Western World after the fall of Rome in A.D

Muslim rule endured in the Emirate of Granada, from 1238 as a vassal state of the Christian Kingdom of Castile, until the completion of La Reconquista in The Moriscos (Moorish in Spanish) were finally expelled from Spain between 1609 (Castile) and 1614 (rest of Spain), by Philip III of Spain#Expulsion of the Moors (1609–1610)|Philip III during the Spanish Inquisition.

Throughout the 16th to 19th centuries, the Barbary coast|Barbary States sent Barbary pirates to raid nearby parts of Europe in order to capture Christian Slavery|slaves to sell at Arab slave trade|slave markets in the Arab World throughout the Renaissance period

The total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2007 was about 16 million (3.2%).[ In Europa leben gegenwärtig knapp 53 Millionen Muslime] --ref name=pewforum2011 ref name=pewforum2011 /ref name=Cole 2011 loc=92! % according to --ref name=ajc.comref name=ajc.com/ref name=taspinardead link|date=October 2013dead link|date=October 2013dead link|date=October [ The Globe and Mail, 20 September 2008, [ Islam and demography: A waxing crescent], The Economist, 27 January 2011 A Pew Research Center study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of Muslims in European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030

Islam in China - Number of Muslims in China
Within the next two decades from 2011, Pew projects a slowing down of Muslim population growth in China than in previous years, with Muslim women in China having a 1.7 fertility rate. Many Hui people|Hui Muslims voluntarily limit themselves to one child in China since their Imams preach to them about the benefits of population control, the amount of children Hui in different areas are allowed to have varies between one and three children. Chinese family planning policy allows minorities including Muslims to have up to two children in urban areas, and three to four children in rural areas.

An early historical estimate of the Muslim population of the then Qing Empire belongs to the Christian missionary Marshall Broomhall

arrives to the grand total of 4,727,000 to 9,821,000 Muslims throughout the Qing Empire of its last years, i.e. just over 1-2% of the entire country's estimated population of 426,045,305.

Islam in China - Chinese Muslims and the Hajj
Chinese Muslims now attend the Hajj in large numbers, typically in organized groups, with a record 10,700 Chinese Muslim pilgrims from all over the country making the Hajj in 2007.

Islam in China - Relations with non-Muslims
Ma Bufang invited Kazakh Muslims to attend the ceremony honoring the God

Islam in China - Relations with non-Muslims
Before the early 20th century, some observers did not note any difference among Muslims and non-Muslims in the prevalence of foot binding of women in China.(Original from Harvard University) However, in southern China, James Legge encountered a mosque which had a placard denouncing footbinding, saying it constituted violating the creation of God.(Original from Harvard University)

Central Council of Muslims in Germany
The 'Central Council of Muslims in Germany' (German name: 'Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland;' abbr. 'ZMD') is an Islamic federation in Germany. With 15,000 to 20,000 members, mainly Germans|German, German Arab, and German Turkish Muslims, it has less than half the size of the Islamrat für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Central Council of Muslims in Germany
The Central Council was founded in 1994 by Nadeem Elyas, and since 2006 it has been led by Ayyub Axel Köhler. Its secretary-general is Ayman Mazyek. It is located in Cologne, Germany.

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