1. Chapter 1
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2. The Reality of Social Change
Major social changes affecting education are taking place:
In social institutions
In demographics
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3. Institutions in Transition
A social institution is a formal, recognized, established, and stabilized way of pursuing some important activity in society.
Social institutions provide rules, or social norms, that become internalized in individuals.
When institutions change, so do the norms they provide.
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4. Changes in Institutions
In today’s world, all social institutions are experiencing fundamental change:
Economics—globalization
Politics—new alignments of nations
Family—new forms of family life
Religion—rise of fundamentalism in all world religions
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5. Changes in Economics and Politics
Economically, there has been a shift from:
Loyalty to a single company to loyalty to one’s own self-interest
A national to a global focus
Politically, there has been a shift from:
Political interest within our own borders to interest in political events around the world
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6. Changes in the Family More women are in the workforce.
The divorce rate is high.
More families are in poverty.
New family “forms” are becoming common (e.g., single-parent families, blended families).
More intermarriage between ethnic and religious groups.
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7. Changes in Religious Organizations
Immigrants are bringing unfamiliar religions and religious ideas to the society.
Various “new age” religious affiliations are emerging.
There is a rise in fundamentalist religious groups in all major religions.
Religious groups are becoming important “players” in the political arena, both in the US and globally.
Gaps of understanding of religion are changing between the “net” generation and the older generation.
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8. The Institution of Education
Changing demographics among students
Increasing number of children of color
Increasing numbers of children whose first language is not English
Increasing attention to differential treatment of boys and girls in classrooms
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9. Changing Demographics
Three factors resulting in changing demographics:
High immigration rates
High birthrates among some segments of the population
Aging population
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10. Limited English Proficiency
Most Language English Proficient (LEP) students speak Spanish.
The United States is the fifth largest Spanish-speaking country in the world.
More than half of LEP students are in grades K–4, and more than three-quarters are poor.
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11. Gender and Schooling
While girls have not been thought to be educationally different from boys, their experiences in school are often very different.
The focus has shifted from research on the educational outcomes of girls to equal concerns about the educational outcomes of boys.
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12. Students and Teachers: A Clash of Cultures?
Increasingly, the student population in schools is a multicultural one, while the population of teachers remains much as it has almost always been: white, middle class, and predominantly female—in short, monocultural. This can create something of a clash of cultures between students and teachers.
Teachers who are culture bound have little knowledge or experience with people from different cultures. This limits their ability to interact effectively with students who are different from themselves.
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13. As schools move through this transitional period, remember:
Change is difficult.
Human beings often react to change with hostility.
Human beings often react to change by resisting it.
New circumstances often mean new opportunities; it’s up to you.
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14. Ideological Perspectives on Multicultural Education
Attention to differences among students is not new.
The nature of the differences to which we must attend is broadening.
Multicultural education is becoming less a matter of differences within the United States and more a global phenomenon.
Multicultural education assures that all students from all groups (racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, ability, gender, etc.) experience educational equality, success, and mobility.
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15. Goals of This Book: Helping Teachers...
To recognize social and cultural change
To understand culture, learning, and the culture-learning process; teachers must expand their knowledge base of culture and different groups in the US and abroad
To be able to improve intergroup and intragroup interactions
To transmit intercultural understanding and skills to students; teachers must be proactive and reflective practitioners so students are prepared to become reflective citizens in an interdependent world
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16. The Importance of Stories
Stories help a person visualize and talk about new ideas and experiences.
Stories often “speak to” complex human experiences.
Stories help us to see the universality of common experiences.
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