1. Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Beginnings of English America, 1607–1660

2. Lecture Preview England and the New World The Coming of the English
Settling the Chesapeake
The New England Way
New Englanders Divided
Religion, Politics, and Freedom
The subtopics for this lecture are listed on the screen above.

3. England and the New World
Focus Question:
What were the main contours of English colonization in the seventeenth century?
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

4. England and the New World: History
Unifying the English Nation
England and Ireland
In the sixteenth century, England was a second-rate power in Europe weakened by internal divisions, especially those between Catholics and Protestants once King Henry VIII launched the Protestant Reformation in England by severing the nation from the Catholic Church and establishing the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with himself at its head. Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled from 1558 to 1603, finally secured the power of the Anglican Church and successfully defended England from its Catholic enemies on the continent, notably the Spanish, whose attempt in 1588 to invade by a massive armada was repulsed.
Well into the 1600s, the English also attempted to subdue Ireland and its Catholic population, in part through military conquest and colonization. The English expelled Irish Catholics from land to make room for Protestant settlements, called “plantations.” The cultural practices and ideas that defined England’s colonization of Ireland shaped its conquest of North America.

5. Why did England not attempt to compete with Spain in colonizing America during the 1500s?
They were allies during the first half of the
16th century, but Spain was more powerful.
During the second half of
the 16th century, England
was distracted by a civil
war with Ireland and a
war with Spain.

6. What events led England to finally challenge the power of Catholic Spain?
Henry VIII broke with Catholic Church
English Protestant Reformation
Protestant Elizabeth I took the throne
Elizabeth encouraged “sea dogs” (ex: Francis Drake) to attack/loot Spanish ships
England defeated Spanish Armada in 1588
English nationalism and self-confidence
Thirst for adventure; eagerness to expand!

7. England and the New World: North America
England and North America
Spreading Protestantism
Only under Queen Elizabeth’s reign did the English look to North America, although at first they were more interested in raiding Spanish cities and treasure fleets than colonization. Their first two colonies in Newfoundland and what became North Carolina were small efforts that quickly failed.
Like the Spanish, however, national glory, profit, and religious mission defined English interest in the New World. The Reformation and Protestant England’s increasing rivalry with and enmity toward the Catholic Spanish empire helped the English see their presence in North America as a way to liberate the New World and its Indians from what many in England believed was a uniquely evil and tyrannical Spanish Catholic empire. The English saw their empire as a very different empire of freedom.

8. Sir Richard Hakluyt after England had defeated the Spanish Armada:
“…under our noses the great...country of Virginia; …so sweet and wholesome a climate, …a better and richer country than Mexico itself. If it shall please the Almighty to stir up her Majesty’s heart to continue with transporting one or two thousand of her people, she shall by God’s assistance,… increase her dominions, enrich her coffers, and reduce many pagans to the faith of Christ.”
-- Encouraging Elizabeth to colonize in his Discourse on Westerne Planting

9. First English attempts at colonization:
Newfoundland Sir Humphrey Gilbert (died at sea) - failed.
Roanoke Island (today North Carolina) Sir Walter Raleigh - failed. Colony
disappeared. “Lost Colony.”
Capt. John White (governor of Roanoke colony and grandfather of the first English child, Virginia Dare) sailed back to England for supplies. Was caught up in the invasion of England by Spanish Armada. Three years before he started back to Roanoke. Colony had disappeared. Found “c-r-o” engraved on a tree; thought it was signal that they had left to live w/ nearby Croatan tribe. Tried to find them, but hurricane forced him back to England. Tried to get financing for a later trip, but failed. Died w/out knowing what happened to them. Theory: colony split & some went to Chesapeake and mingled w Indians there, others blended in w/ Croatans?

10. England and the New World: Social Problems
The Social Crisis
Masterless Men
Other advocates of colonization argued that North America would absorb England’s “surplus” population in a period of economic crisis and population growth. Colonization would drain away the urban poor and peasants who had been evicted from their own lands and the commons by the “enclosures” of large landlords, and who seemed to English elites to threaten social order and stability. Under Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I, the unemployed could be whipped, branded, hanged, or even forced to labor. Voluntary or involuntary emigration to the New World seemed an alternative that would simultaneously benefit the poor and the English nation.
In turn, images of America such as that which appeared in Thomas More’s Utopia promoted the New World as a place of wealth and opportunity where men could escape the hierarchies and inequalities of Europe, gain economic independence by owning land, and rule themselves. These images appealed to ordinary Englishmen and encouraged them to risk migration to America.

11. England on the Eve of Empire:
Overpopulated cities
“Enclosure” of croplands for grazing forced farmers out and into poverty and/or homelessness.
Primogeniture - elder sons got everything; younger sons sought fortunes elsewhere.

12. The Coming of the English
Focus Question:
What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

13. The Coming of the English: Emigration
English Emigrants
Indentured Servants
Land and Liberty
Emigration was risky. Diseases, internal religious, political, and economic tensions, and imperial wars and conflicts with Indians all threatened harm or death. Dependent on England for protection and economic aid, most settlements would have collapsed without such support and further emigration. Because economic conditions in England were so bad, more migrants in the seventeenth century—more than half a million—left England than in France or Spain. Most of the English who came to North America were young, single men from the lower ranks of English society, and they settled in the tobacco-producing colonies of Virginia and Maryland, where labor demand was high, while the rest settled in New England and the middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
Settlers who could afford their own passage arrived as free persons, and soon acquired land. In the 1600s, however, most Englishmen arrived as indentured servants, who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a period of time (often five to seven years) in exchange for passage to America. Servants were as unfree as slaves in some ways: they could be bought and sold, could not marry without their owner’s permission, were subject to physical punishments, and could not refuse to work. Unlike slaves, however, servants, at least those who survived their term of labor (not many, for most of the seventeenth century), eventually became free and received “freedom dues,” sometimes including land.
Land for the English was the basis of liberty, allowing men control over their own labor and, in most colonies, the vote. The English crown also awarded land grants, sometimes quite extensive, to relatives and allies. Because land was so plentiful and so many English migrants, both free and servant, came to America to gain land and the independence that came with it, property owners soon turned to African slaves as a labor force. Liberty and slavery moved together in early English America.

14. CHESAPEAKE REGION Chesapeake region (Virginia and Maryland):
Lives shortened by disease.
Family ties were weak.
Social hierarchy.
African peoples developed
a mixed culture: African
& New-World elements.
Slave society grew through natural reproduction.

15. The Unhealthy Chesapeake Life was short and hard!
* Malaria, dysentery, typhoid
* Half died before age 20
Most immigrants were young, single
men; outnumbered women 6 to 1
Family structure weak
* Few two-parent households; at least one died; almost no grandparents
* High rate of unwed pregnancies
Settlers eventually gained immunity to diseases;
colonies started growing on their own birthrate.
HippoCampus 1 – Family and Social Life

16. Answer: Indentured servants…………..
Tobacco Economy
Chesapeake climate perfect for tobacco
Constant tobacco cultivation depletes soil
 Constant demand for virgin soil
 Conflict with Indians on frontier!
More tobacco = need more labor. From where?
* Not families (too small)
* Not American Indians (often died from disease)
* Not African slaves (too costly)
Answer: Indentured servants…………..

17. Indentured servants (“white slaves”)
* England had surplus of displaced
farmers who needed work
* Worked contracted number of years for
Chesapeake masters in exchange for:
1. Passage to America
2. Room and board
3. Eventual “freedom dues” (corn, suit of clothes, & hopefully a small plot of land)
Headright System – to encourage importation of
indentured servants
* Whoever paid the passage of a laborer
received the right to acquire 50 acres of land.

18. The Coming of the English: Indians
Englishmen and Indians
The Transformation of Indian Life
Changes in the Land
Unlike the Spanish, English colonists did not want to rule over or assimilate the Indians they found; they wanted the Indians’ land. Although English colonial authorities insisted that the Indians had no real claim to the land because they did not farm or improve it, most authorities in practice recognized Indians’ title to land based on their occupancy. English colonists acquired Indian land by purchase, often through treaties forced on the natives after they had defeated them in the recurrent warfare that wracked the English colonies, a process that thoroughly displaced the Indians from their original territories.
Though many eastern Indians initially welcomed English settlers, particularly for the goods they introduced to native culture, such as cloth, metal tools, and guns, many Indians gradually came to resent the changes English colonization wrought in Indian life. Men turned more to hunting beaver and fur trading, older skills fell into disuse with the appearance of English technologies, and alcohol became common and disruptive. As the colonists developed a military advantage over the Indians, profits from the fur trade flowed mostly to colonial and European merchants. English colonists also introduced diseases that led to devastating epidemics. English settlement transformed the land and its uses, threatening Indians’ way of life through fencing, new crops, livestock like pigs and cattle, which trampled Indian crops, and the depletion of forests to supply wood for the English domestic market.

19. Settling the Chesapeake
Focus Question:
How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

20. Settling the Chesapeake: Jamestown
The Jamestown Colony
From Company to Society
The first permanent English settlement in the New World was the Jamestown colony, founded in 1607 by the private Virginia Company in At first, the colony, intended as a means to discover gold or other precious minerals, was plagued by internal divisions, a high death rate, and few supplies from England. While colonists’ hopes for quick riches were soon dashed, few had any experience with agriculture, leading to starvation which, when compounded by disease and illness, led to a high death rate. Few initial settlers survived the first year, and only military discipline imposed by a former soldier, John Smith, saved the colony.
To become viable and attract settlers, the Virginia Company stopped looking for gold, started to grow its own food and a marketable commodity, and created an elected representative assembly. The company awarded land to those who paid their own or others’ passage, and issued a “charter of grants and liberties,” which included a House of Burgesses, the first elected assembly in colonial America (though only landowners could vote). The arrival in 1619 of the first twenty blacks in Virginia marked, along with the meeting of the House of Burgesses that year, the conjoined development of freedom and slavery in English America.

21. Map of Settlements in Chesapeake Bay
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 2.1 English settlement in the Chesapeake, ca

22. “successful” (permanent) English colony. Charter from King James I.
Jamestown first
“successful” (permanent) English colony.
Charter from King James I.
Financed by Virginia Co. (joint-stock company).
Shares were sold to raise money
needed for travel
and establishing
the colony.
Hippo – The Jamestown Colony

23. Who were the first Jamestown settlers?
100 men and boys - no women
“Gentlemen” settlers – more interested in finding gold than food/shelter.
Swampy; mosquitoes (malaria).
Had little/no regard for Indians.
Capt. John Smith saved Jamestown (“He who does not work does not eat!”); made friends with Chief Powhatan and his daughter, Pocahontas.
Indians taught settlers how to survive.

24. The Starving Time The Winter of 1609 - 1610
Jamestown settlers are reduced to eating “Dogges, Catts, Ratts, and Myce.”
One man was executed for killing, salting, and eating his wife.
Only 60 survived the winter.

25. Settling the Chesapeake: economics
A Tobacco Colony
Women and the Family
With more Europeans smoking tobacco, the crop became a lucrative basis for the Virginia colony’s survival and growth. Soon a plantation elite with large estates emerged that ruled Virginia’s society and politics, and they soon turned from unreliable and temporary white servant labor to black slave labor. Virginia’s white society came to resemble that of England, with a landed gentry at top, small farmers in the middle, and an army of poor laborers—indentured servants and former servants without land—at the bottom.
Given the demand for male servant labor in the tobacco fields, men at first vastly outnumbered women in the colony, and various factors contributed to late marriage and a low rate of family formation. Although women in Virginia, as in England, had few legal rights, conditions in the colonies gave women roles they could not assume in the mother country. Widows and unmarried women embraced their right to conduct business, make contracts, and even sometimes administer estates. But most white women arrived in Virginia as indentured servants, often subject to hard labor and even sexual abuse from their masters.

26. The “Stinking Weed” Saves Jamestown
Good news:
John Rolfe perfected a sweeter variety of tobacco; appealed to Europeans.
Jamestown settlers planted it everywhere; the settlement survived and prospered.
Bad news:
Plantation system & indentured servants. Would slaves be next?
Constant growth depleted the soil.
Dependence on single crop.

27. 1619 was a notable year for Jamestown:
A Dutch ship dropped off 20 African
slaves to be sold – the first on the North
American mainland.
The Virginia House of
Burgesses was formed
-- the first
representative
assembly on the North
House of Burgesses

28. Settling the Chesapeake: Indians
Powhatan and Pocahontas
The Uprising of 1622
Native Americans ruled by Powhatan already lived in the area of Virginia colonized by the Jamestown settlers. At first, the English, dependent on the Indians for food, tried to maintain friendly relations. When John Smith was captured by the Indians, Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas, probably playing out her role in an elaborate ceremony, intervened to save Smith from execution. Pocahontas gradually became an intermediary between the Jamestown colony and Powhatan’s people.
Sporadic fighting lasted between the Indians and the Jamestown colonists until But the peace declared that year was broken in 1622 by Powhatan’s successor, whose surprise attack nearly wiped out one-quarter of Virginia’s small settler population. Jamestown’s survivors retaliated by massacring scores of Indians and destroying their villages. The English now held the balance of power in the colony, and Virginia, which soon became the first royal colony of England, began to stabilize and slowly increase its population, in part by turning to the cultivation of tobacco.

29. Pocahontas Daughter of Chief Powhatan. Married
John Rolfe, had one son,
and moved to England,
but died within
two years. Her son
eventually settled in
Virginia.

30. How were the American Indians affected by English settlement?
War with settlers pushed them westward, destroying Powhatan’s Confederacy of tribes.
Indian cultures changed/destroyed
Disease killed hundreds of thousands.
Elders were not there to pass on oral traditions and history.
Horses/firearms led Indians to move to the Great Plains; huge cultural change.
Competition among tribes for European trade led to increased Indian-on-Indian violence.
Chief Powhatan

31. King James I hated tobacco:
“A custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the horrible Stygian smoke of the pit [Hades] that is bottomless.”
He also hated the House of Burgesses: “It is a seminary of sedition.”
In 1622 a bloody attack by the Powhatans who suffered increasing colonial encroachment on their land resulted in the deaths of 347 colonists
By 1624, he had revoked the Virginia Company’s charter and made Virginia a royal colony. The Crown was in control, but for how long?

32. Settling the Chesapeake: Maryland
The Maryland Experiment
Religion in Maryland
While Maryland, like Virginia, was a tobacco colony, it was established later, in 1632, by King Charles I as the proprietary colony of Cecilius Calvert. Calvert ruled Maryland like a feudal domain, controlling its trade and the decisions of its elected assembly, despite the charter’s guarantee giving ordinary Maryland colonists all the rights and privileges of Englishmen.
Calvert, a Catholic, also saw Maryland as a refuge for persecuted fellow Catholics in England, and at first he hoped Catholics and Protestants could live there in harmony. But Protestants, mostly indentured or former servants, soon outnumbered Catholics, and their frustration mounted as they faced diminishing opportunities for land ownership in the latter half of the seventeenth century.

33. Maryland - Lord Baltimore
* Founded in 1634 as a haven for
Catholics from Protestant persecution Also founded for profit.
* Tobacco - main crop; labor force mostly indentured servants.
* Act of Toleration - law passed to assure religious freedom for Catholics and Protestants. Death penalty for atheists & Jews.

34. The New England Way Focus Question:
What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

35. The New England Way: Puritans
The Rise of Puritanism
Moral Liberty
Whereas Virginia and Maryland quickly became societies dominated by a small aristocracy ruling over many bound laborers, New England colonial society evolved differently. Early New England was decisively shaped by the Puritans, a diverse group of English Protestants united by their belief that the Anglican Church retained too many of the practices and doctrines of the old Catholic Church. They mainly were “Congregationalists,” who rejected Catholic structures of religious authority retained in the Anglican Church, such as archbishops, bishops, and priests, and instead embraced independent local congregations that chose their own clergy, determined their mode of worship, and often listened to sermons and personally studied the bible. Like many English and Anglicans, however, Puritans shared a hatred of Catholicism and celebrated England’s greatness and devotion to liberty. As followers of John Calvin’s theology, the Puritans believed God had predestined different groups of people, the “elect,” to be saved from damnation; no amount of good deeds or good works could save those not among the elect.
When a minority of Puritans in England separated from the Church of England, some Puritans decided to emigrate to America in order to fully practice their Protestant faith away from the influence and control of the Anglican Church and the English government that enforced its rules. One leader of the Puritan emigrants who settled in the Massachusetts Bay, John Winthrop, hoped to found “a city set upon a hill,” where Puritans would reject “natural” liberty, or action without restraints he believed typically practiced by the Irish, Indians, and bad Christians, for a “moral” liberty to do “that only which is good,” in which Puritans became free by accepting severe restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior.

36. The Protestant Reformation, in its English Calvinist form, provided the major impetus and leadership for the settlement of New England.
The New England colonies developed a relatively homogenous social order based on religion and closely-knit towns.

37. The Religious Factor in the Northern Colonies
Background:
* Martin Luther
1. Critical of Roman Catholic Church
2. Nailed list of his “95 Theses” on the door of church in
Wittenberg, Germany.
3. He and his followers protested (“Protestants”) actions
of the Catholic Church, such as priests selling
indulgences, and excessive church wealth.
4. Declared that only the Bible was the source of God’s
word, not declarations of priests and bishops.
5. Called for the church to be reformed…
The Protestant Reformation

38. John Calvin expanded Luther’s view. Preached that:
* God is all-powerful and all-good.
* Man is weak and wicked.
* An “elect” group of souls were
“predestined” for salvation.
* Since no one knows for certain if we
are among the elect, we must constantly strive for
conversion to know we have received saving
grace from God. Afterwards we must live
sanctified (good) lives to show we are
one of the “visible saints.”

39. How did the Protestant Reformation in England affect the settlement of North America?
Henry VIII broke with Catholic Church.
Made himself head of Church of England
(Anglican Church); kept many excesses of
Catholicism.
Calvinist reformers tried to purify church (Puritans).
1. Wanted to “de-catholicize” Church of England.
2. Small group wanted to separate (Separatists) from Catholic church. Moved to Holland -
Feared children were becoming “too
Dutch;" made pilgrimage to New World, far
away from English authorities (Pilgrims).

40. The New England Way: Pilgrims
The Pilgrims at Plymouth
Puritans and Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Great Migration
The first Puritan settlers to America, the Pilgrims, left the Netherlands in 1620, financed by private investors interested in establishing a trading base in North America. The Pilgrims wanted to settle in Virginia, but their ship, the Mayflower, was blown off course and landed on Cape Cod. Before the survivors of the journey established the Plymouth Colony there, they drew up the Mayflower Compact, in which all adult male colonists agreed to obey “just and equal laws” enacted by representatives of their own choosing. This was the first written frame of government in what became the United States. Resting on the consent of all members of the colony, their government did not restrict voting to church members, and all land was held in common until divided up in In 1691, this independent colony became an official crown colony of England.
Although earlier visits by Europeans had brought diseases that devastated the local Indian population, local Indians helped the Puritans at Plymouth survive their first winter by offering them food, a relationship celebrated at the first Thanksgiving in 1621.
Chartered in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Company was formed by London merchants hoping to further the Puritan cause and profit by trade with the Indians, and that year sent emigrants who settled in the Massachusetts Bay, north of Plymouth. By 1642, a “Great Migration” of 21,000 Puritans had flowed to Massachusetts Bay, though migration to New England soon thereafter ceased altogether. Compared to colonists in the Chesapeake, settlers in New England were older, more prosperous, and more religious. Fewer New England colonists were servants, and here women were just as numerous as men, leading to more families than in the southern colonies.

41. 1620 – Mayflower landed at
Plymouth Rock when blown
off course on the way to Virginia.
Were outside of authority of English law, so the men
signed an agreement - Mayflower Compact.
Agreed to form a government and submit to the will
of the majority. (Major step toward self- govt.)
Plymouth's first governor -
William Bradford.
1691 – Plymouth absorbed by
larger Mass. Bay Colony.

42. PLYMOUTH COLONY “THANKSGIVING”
The Pilgrims were aided in survival by a local Indian named Tisquantum (called Squanto by the Pilgrims) who spoke English
Taught the Pilgrims best places to fish, and what to plant and how to cultivate it
After first successful harvest, Pilgrims treated Indian neighbors to a Thanksgiving feast
Bradford claimed to treat the Indians fairly but they yielded land mainly because many had died as a result of disease
By 1650, still fewer than 1000 settlers
Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

43. Sketch of plymouth harbor
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Samuel de Champlain’s 1605 sketch of Plymouth Harbor.

44. The Great Migration
Charles I anxious to get rid of Puritans; gave charter to Massachusetts Bay Co to settle in New England.
Thousands followed during the 1630s.
John Winthrop - Mass. Bay’s first governor.
Economy was based on fishing, shipbuilding and commerce; largest, most influential colony in NE.
Who could vote? Adult males; must be property holders & belong to Congregational Church (Puritans).

45. MIGRATION
Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

46. The New England Way: society
The Puritan Family
Government and Society in Massachusetts
Church and State in Puritan Massachusetts
In New England, families and the patriarchal authority of the Puritan husband and father defined colonial society. These adult men controlled the labor of women and children in a farming society without large numbers of slaves or indentured servants. Though women were held to be spiritual equals to men, and could become full members of the church, women were legally subservient to male authority in the home. The average New England woman married young, gave birth seven times, and spent most of her life bearing and raising children.
Puritans feared excessive individualism and social disorder, and organized themselves in small and compact, self-governing towns, centered on a Congregational Church and eventually a school (mostly for reading the Bible), surrounded by small house and farming lots for individual families. The colony’s government reflected this religious and social vision. The Massachusetts Bay’ Company’s shareholders transformed their commercial charter into a government document, first choosing the colony’s rulers, but in 1634 deputies elected by freemen (landowning church members) constituted a single legislature, the General Court. Ten years later, company officers and elected deputies were divided into two legislative houses, and unlike in Virginia or Maryland, freemen were able to elect their governor. The principle of consent was central to all of Puritan life, including church and state, but Puritan democracy, especially voting in colony-wide elections, was limited to members of the church, an ever-smaller number as the colony grew over time.

47. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY A CITY ON A HILL
After getting permission from the General Court, a group of colonists who wished to form a new church would select a minister and conduct their spiritual matters as they saw fit
Membership was restricted to those who could present satisfactory evidence of having experienced “saving grace”
In the 1630s, the majority of people were members
Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

48. John Winthrop
Saw Massachusetts Bay as a model of what society should be…. a “City upon a hill.”
Believed that the purpose of the colonial government was to enforce God’s laws (as Puritans saw them).
The people had to pay taxes for the government-supported church.
The local form of government was the town meeting.

49. New Englanders Divided
Focus Question:
What were the main sources of discord in early New England?
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

50. New Englanders Divided: Religion
Roger Williams
Rhode Island and Connecticut
The Trials of Anne Hutchinson
Although New England’s Puritans respected individual judgment, they disdained individualism and considered too much emphasis on the self as dangerous to social harmony and stability. In the region’s compact towns, residents monitored each other and punished or ostracized those who violated communal norms. Dissenters were not so much free to dissent as they were free to leave the Puritan community if they transgressed Puritan social and religious norms.
Dissenter Roger Williams suggested that Massachusetts Bay should separate church and state, argued that its congregations should withdraw from the Anglican Church, and also rejected the conviction that Puritans were an elect people on a divine mission to spread the true Protestant faith. When banished from the colony, Williams and his followers founded Rhode Island, which became a beacon of religious freedom, with no established church or religious qualifications for voting. Other religious dissenters went on to found the colonies of Hartford and New Haven, which in 1662 united as the colony of Connecticut.
The Puritan establishment found one dissenter, Anne Hutchinson, particularly threatening, for her gender and influence with other colonists. She argued that inner grace, not just church attendance and moral behavior, determined who could be a member of the saved Puritan elect. Denounced by church and state authorities for “Antinomianism” (putting one’s own judgment or faith above human law and Church teachings), Hutchinson was put on trial and banished from the colony.

51. Trouble in Massachusetts Bay
No “freedom of religion.”
Quakers were persecuted.
Anne Hutchinson taught antinomianism (“the elect are saved no matter what they do”). Said she had direct revelation from God … heresy.
Roger Williams - extreme Separatist.
1. Challenged authority of Bay Colony’s charter;
criticized leaders for not paying Indians for land.
2. "Gov't should not regulate religious behavior."

52. Before freedom of speech or separation of church and state…….
Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay for her radical teachings. The mother of 14 children, she was eventually killed by Indians in New York. John Winthrop said, “God had a hand in her death because of her heresy.”
Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony. He founded Rhode Island and built a Baptist Church there, probably the first in the New World.

53. More New England Colonies
Connecticut - Beginning of the westward movement! Thomas Hooker led group of
Puritans west from Boston in They
drafted New World’s first constitution -
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
Maine - Had fishermen among the very earliest settlers, but remained part of Massachusetts for 150 years.
New Hampshire - Separated from Massachusetts in 1679; became a royal colony.
Thomas Hooker

54. Map of new england settlements
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition
Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 2.2 English Settlement in New England, ca

55. New Englanders Divided: indians
Puritans and Indians
The Pequot War
The Puritans, who recognized Indians’ claim to the land and sought to acquire it through purchase, also tended to see the Indians as savages and heathens, similar to Catholics in their deceptive rituals and worship of false gods. Afraid that undisciplined Indian life might attract some colonists, Puritan New Englanders hoped to prevent their fellow Englishmen from joining native tribes by passing punitive laws and publishing narratives of captivity promoting Christian life in the colony. Although the Puritans rhetorically advocated the conversion of Indians to Christianity, they initially made few efforts to do so.
As the white population of New England increased, so did tensions with the region’s Indians. In 1637, colonists responded to the murder of a fur trader by a few members of the Pequots, a powerful tribe in southern New England that controlled the fur trade, by destroying a Pequot village at Mystic, Connecticut, massacring more than 500 men, women, and children. The Pequots’ defeat led to further white settlement in western New England and intimidated local Indians into quiescence for nearly four decades.

56. By 1620, ¾ of New England Indians were dead from disease.
Puritans vs. Indians
By 1620, ¾ of New England Indians were dead
from disease.
Massasoit, a Wampanoag, signed treaty with
Plymouth Pilgrims (First Thanksgiving 1621)
More English settlers
moving in led to friction
between Indians &
whites. Ex: Pequot War...
Pequot are destroyed.
Pequot  (pē'kwŏt')
Massasoit (mass uh soy t’) Wampanoag (wam’ pa no’ ag)

57. New Englanders Divided: Economics
The New England Economy
The Merchant Elite
The Half-Way Covenant
Although Puritan leaders celebrated religion as their primary motive for emigrating to America, profit and prosperity were always central to many Puritans’ decisions to go to New England. Many were well-off in England but lived in economically depressed areas, and sought opportunity in the New World, especially in the form of landownership or a craft. While many New Englanders made a living by exporting fish and timber to Europe, most survived on subsistence family farming and the small surpluses this produced. Compared to the southern colonies, in New England there were few slaves and fewer indentured servants.
Although New Englanders were not as wealthy as colonists in the Chesapeake region, wealth was distributed more equally than in Virginia or Maryland. But economic development was accompanied by social inequality, with a growing number of wage earners and a merchant elite profiting from an expansive trade in goods between the West Indies, Europe, and Africa.
This economic growth and increasing commercialization worried some Puritan leaders, with fewer members of the Massachusetts colony being eligible for church membership. The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 was designed to solve this problem by enabling third-generation Puritans, those least likely to have met the “conversion” standard of church membership, to become church members merely because they were descend ants of original Puritan settlers. By the late seventeenth century, ministers were excoriating colonists for violations such as selfishness, pride, and violation of the Sabbath in lengthy sermons called “jeremiads.”

58. Early Settlers Days and Ways
In both regions (New England & Chesapeake) – most settlers farmed (either subsistence or for cash crops)
Women wove, cooked, cleaned and cared for children
Men cleared land & fenced, planted, & harvested it
Children helped with all tasks, picking up such
schooling as they could
Compared to most 17th century Europeans, Americans lived in relative abundance.

59. The New England Way of Life
In many ways, a hard life
1. Geography
-- Thin, rocky soil
-- Rivers short and fast
-- Tough to scratch out farming, crops
2. Climate – harsh extremes
Climate/geography did not favor cash crops/slavery; small farms were the norm
Tough times made them industrious and frugal

60. Using the Sea
-- New England was blessed with great natural harbors
1. Used timber from
abundant forests to build ships - lumbering
2. Trade (commerce) became New England’s biggest economic force
3. Fishing - a major industry

61. A MERCHANT’S WORLD
As maritime trade became the driving force in New England, port towns like Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, New Port, and New Haven became larger and faster growing than interior towns
1720: Boston was the commercial hub of the region with a population of 10,000 making it the third largest city in the British Empire
More than one quarter of Boston’s adult male population had either invested in shipbuilding or were directly employed in maritime commerce
Ships captains and merchants held most public offices
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62. TRIANGULAR TRADE
In 1643 five New England vessels packed their holds with fish which they sold in Spain and the Canary Islands, taking payment in sherry and madeira which were tradable in England
one took payment in slaves which they sold in West Indies
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63. TRIANGULAR TRADE Sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Europe Slaves to the
Americas
Textiles, rum and
manufactured
goods to Africa

64. The New England Family
New England colonies “healthier”
* Clean water & cooler temps =
less microbes = less disease
* Living there actually added ten years to avg. lifespan (70 yrs)
Children learned obedience from parents and grandparents
Migrated as families
Lower premarital pregnancy rates

65. * Early marriage encouraged
New England women
* Early marriage encouraged
large families; families were the cornerstone of New England life
* A New England woman could
expect up to 10 pregnancies & to rear as many
as 8 surviving children
* Child-rearing was the
primary occupation of women
Painting: What is the socioeconomic status of this woman? How did you come to your conclusion? (Lace, etc)

66. A New England woman. usually gave up rights to. her own property when
* A New England woman usually gave up rights to her own property when she married.
* Women could not vote.
* Were considered morally weaker than men.
Divorce rare; adultery - grounds for divorce.
* Adulterers (esp. women) were whipped in public
* Forced to wear an “A” on their clothing
forever (Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter)

67. Life in New England Towns
Tightly knit society made up of villages & small farms
-- Puritanism = concern about moral health of the community
New towns given charters by colonial government
-- Land entrusted to proprietors (town fathers) who planned the village & distributed the land.
-- Each family usually received a woodlot for fuel, small farmland, and a pasture for animals.
-- House was on a small plot in the village itself .

68. New England villages usually had:
-- A meetinghouse for church & town meetings (pure democracy – “the best school of political liberty…” [Jefferson])
-- A "village green" for militia drills
-- Houses
-- Some kind of
village store or
commercial
endeavor.
Think vOutside the Box: Examine the drawing & make assumptions about how the setup of the NE village will shape its residents’ society. Ex: democracy, town meeting, desire for independence from England (Brit soldiers in their backyards, etc), desire for central government, public education…….even as far into the future as the Civil War (no need for slavery, inexperienced horsemen & shooters)

69. -- Towns of 50+ families were required to provide elementary education
New England Education
-- Towns of 50+ families were required to provide elementary education
-- Majority of adults knew how to read & write
-- By 1636 (8 years after founded), Massachusetts established Harvard College; purpose was to train local boys for the ministry.
(Contrast: It took Virginia years to establish its first college: William and Mary.)
Old Harvard College

70. New England Religion
-- Puritans ran their
own churches; no central church authority
-- Democracy in
church  political democracy
-- The church was the moral authority of
New England society.

71. PROSPERITY UNDERMINES PURITANISM
Puritans were suspicious of prosperity
laws against usury (loan with interest) and profiteering in scarce commodities
Early Puritan leaders resisted arguments that business was a socially useful calling
They believed differences in wealth should be modest and should favor community leaders
Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

72. The Half-Way Covenant
* Moral/church crisis
-- Puritan fervor dying down
-- 2nd/3rd generation Puritans more into making money than religious zeal
-- Only “visible saints” could take communion & vote
-- Growing population meant more families on outlying farms, away from control by church & neighbors.
-- New kind of sermon – the jeremiad; scolded congregation for its weakness.

73. Influential Puritan Minister who advocated the Half-Way Covenant
Half-Way Covenant – attempt to increase church membership by allowing children of church members to be baptized without a declared “conversion” experience.
-- Still could not take full communion….but… Could receive baptism.
Increase Mather
Influential Puritan Minister who advocated the Half-Way Covenant

74. Salem Witch Trials
Possible causes
1. Mass hysteria; over zealous religious faith;
fueled by superstition, panic, and rumor. 
   2.  Rye mold with chemical basis for LSD (found
during wet summers & extremely cold winters).
  3.  Economic jealousy and class envy.
-- Accused: from Salem’s growing market-
economy class.
-- Accusers: from subsistence farming families.

75. “Witch-hunt” has come to describe the searching out and deliberate harassment of those (such as political opponents) with unpopular views.

76. SALEM BEWITCHED
While everyone’s reputation suffered, ministers suffered the most
Increase Mather comes off best having urged the governor to stop the trials
His son, Cotton, actively and enthusiastically participated in the hunt
The event shows the anxiety Puritans had about women since many of the accused were
widows of high status
older women who owned property
women who lived apart from the daily guidance of men
All potentially subverted the patriarchal authorities of church and state
Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

77. Religion, Politics, and Freedom
Focus Question:
How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

78. Religion, Politics, and Freedom: rights
The Rights of Englishmen
Restriction of King’s power
Rights of Individuals
Against arbitrary imprisonment
Seizure of Property without due process
Habeas corpus (determine legality of detainment)
Trial by Jury
By 1600, the traditional view of English “liberties” as a set of privileges limited to certain social groups was competing with a notion that certain “rights of Englishmen” applied to everyone in the kingdom. This tradition rested on the Magna Carta of 1215, in which the king had given rights to all “free men” in England, including protection against arbitrary imprisonment and the seizure of property without due process of law. Over time, this document came to signify a particularly “English freedom,” where the king was subject to the rule of law and all persons enjoyed security of person and property, and which was embodied in common law rights like habeas corpus and trial by jury. As the serfdom characteristic of feudalism receded, more and more Englishmen were considered “freeborn” and entitled to these rights.

79. Religion, Politics, and Freedom: england
The English Civil War
King vs Parliament (taxation)
England’s Debate over Freedom
Levellers & Diggers ideas
English Liberty
Common rights (individual)
Political and religious divisions within seventeenth-century England heightened the meaning and importance of “freedom” there and in the colonies. The struggle for political supremacy between Parliament and Stuart monarchs James I and Charles I culminated in the 1640s in the English Civil War. Disputes over how and to what degree the Church of England should distance itself from Catholicism, and struggles over the respective powers of Parliament and the king, including the king’s power to impose taxes without Parliament’s consent, provoked a military conflict that ended in a victory for pro-parliamentary forces and the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of King Charles I. The victors established a “Commonwealth and Free State” ruled by Oliver Cromwell that lasted almost a decade. In 1660, the monarchy was restored, and Charles II assumed the throne.
Political strife and upheaval in England in these years produced a rigorous debate about liberty that expanded the boundaries and definitions of freedom. The writer John Milton called for freedom of speech and of the press. A movement called the Levellers proposed a written constitution abolishing both the monarchy and House of Lords, and extending the franchise to those without much property. A more radical group, the Diggers, advocated the common ownership of land. Though the Levellers and Diggers were quickly suppressed, some of their ideas were carried to America by English emigrants.
Out of these struggles, “English liberty,” defining freedom as grounded in the common rights of all individuals in the English realm, became central to Anglo-American political culture. Thus, the English proudly distinguished their country, where individual rights and parliament limited the king’s power and authority, from the autocratic monarchies, such as Spain, France, and Russia.

80. Religion, Politics, and Freedom: English civil war
The Civil War and English America
Mass. Dispute over religion
The Crisis in Maryland
Catholics vs Protestants
Cromwell and the Empire
Expansion of Protestantism
Navigation Acts of 1651 (control colonial trade)
While most New Englanders sided with the Parliament in the 1640s, many Puritan leaders in the colonies were leery of the revolutionaries’, and the commonwealth’s, tolerance for religious dissent. When followers of Anne Hutchinson became Quakers, a radical and spiritually egalitarian Protestant sect in England that defied Puritan doctrines, Massachusetts leaders tried to suppress them by banishment, whipping, and hanging.
During the English Civil War, Virginia sided with Charles I and fell under Cromwell’s control. In Maryland, the Civil War exacerbated preexisting conflict between Catholic and Protestant settlers and anti-proprietary sentiment, feeding a civil war within that colony. Calvert stabilized Maryland and attracted more settlers by empowering Protestants in the colony’s government and guaranteeing religious toleration for all Christians.
Under Cromwell and the Commonwealth, England adopted aggressive policies to expand its colonies, promote Protestantism, and empower commerce in the British Isles and New World. Cromwell’s army extended English control in Ireland, in the process massacring civilians, banning Catholicism, and seizing Catholics’ lands. England also seized the valuable sugar island of Jamaica and passed the Navigation Acts in 1651, intended to challenge the commercial supremacy of the Dutch by limiting England’s colonial trade to English ships and ports.