1. Chapter 3 Ecology http://planetgreen.discovery.com/videos/g-word-shorts-quiz- environmental-savvy.html http://planetgreen.discovery.com/videos/g-word-shorts-quiz- environmental-savvy.html 3.1 What Is Ecology? Pgs. 64-68 3.2 Energy, Producers and Consumers Pgs. 69-72 3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems Pgs. 73-78 3.4 Cycles of Matter Pgs. 79-88

2. Chapter 3 Vocabulary 1.biosphere 20. Decomposer 2.Species 21. Detritovore 3.Population 22. Food chain 4.Community 23. Food web 5.Ecology 24. Zooplankton 6.Ecosystem 25. Trophic level 7.Biome 26. Ecological pyramid 8.Biotic factor 27. Biomass 9.Abiotic factor 28. Biogeochemical cycle 10. Autotroph 29. Nutrient 11. Primary producer 30. Nitrogen fixation 12. Photosynthesis 31. Denitrification 13. Chemosynthesis 32. Limiting nutrient 14. Heterotroph 15. Consumer 16. Carnivore 17. Herbivore 18. Scavenger 19. Omnivore

3. The ___________ consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. The biosphere extends from about 8 km __________ Earth’s surface to as far as 11 km _________ the surface of the ocean. Organisms respond to their environments and can change their environments, producing ____________________________________

4. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among and between organisms and their physical environment. Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environments in which they live. http://news.discovery.com/videos/animals-hungry-goats-help-save-bog-turtles.html

6. 1. Individual organism 1. Population—a group of individuals that belong to the __________________________________________ 1. Community—an assemblage of ______________that live together in a defined area. 2. Ecosystem— ______________________________________with their physical environment 1. Biome—a group of ____________ that share similar climates and typical organisms 1. Biosphere—our ________________________, with all its organisms and physical environments

7. Can you identify the levels of organization? ___________________

8. any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms and bacteria. any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, soil type, etc. A dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors shapes every environment.

9. Organisms need energy for growth, reproduction, and metabolic processes. No organism can create energy—organisms can only use energy from other sources. For most life on Earth, sunlight is the ultimate energy source.

10. Plants, algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into forms that living cells can use. These organisms are called ______________________________. For example: plants obtain energy from _________ and turn it into nutrients that can be eaten and used for energy by animals such as a caterpillar.

11. Deep-sea ecosystems depend on primary producers that harness chemical energy from inorganic molecules such as _______________________________. The use of chemical energy to produce carbohydrates is called ________________.

12. Heterotrophs are also called consumers. There are many types of consumers. Can you give an example of each? 1. Carnivores __________________ 2. Scavengers__________________ 3. Decomposers ____________________ 4. Herbivores ____________________ 5. Omnivores ____________________ 6. Detritivores ___________________ Hint: Detritivores commonly digest decomposers that live on, and in, detritus particles.

13. Ecologists call a network of feeding interactions a _____________. Food webs are composed of several _____________to show _________________feeding relationships. Food webs show _________________through an ecosystem.

15. Each ________ in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Primary producers ___________ make up the first trophic level. When you study a food web, always start at the _____________. Various consumers occupy every other level. Arrows point _______________ the ______________. Arrows represent the direction of energy flow.

16. Most producers die without being eaten. In the detritus pathway, _____________ convert that dead material to detritus, which is eaten by ______________, such as crayfish, grass shrimp, and worms. ______________, ____________, and other fishes eat the detritivores.

17. When disturbances to food webs happen, their effects can be dramatic. For example, what might happen if the Adelie penguin were removed from this web? _____________________________________ _____________________________________

18. show the relative amount of energy or matter contained ________________________________________________ ____ in a given food chain or food web. There are three different types of ecological pyramids: pyramids of ____________, pyramids of ___________, and pyramids of ____________. Can you identify the types of pyramids shown below? ________________ ___________________

19. only ______% of the energy that passes through any given trophic level is ultimately stored in the bodies of organisms at the next level. 90% of the remaining energy is _________________________________—a byproduct of these activities.

20. A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. The pyramid will look the same for both biomass and numbers.

21. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, ________________________within and between ecosystems. As matter moves through these cycles, it is never created or destroyed—just changed. Cycles of Matter Cycles of Matter The ___________ Cycle

22. Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor when they evaporate from the ocean, other bodies of water, or leaves of plants. If the air carrying it cools, water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that __________________________. When the droplets become large enough, they fall to Earth’s surface as ___________________ in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. On land, some precipitation flows along the surface in what scientists call __________, until it enters a river or stream that carries it to an ocean or lake. Precipitation can also be absorbed into the soil, and is then called ___________________.

23. Carbon is a major component of all organic compounds, including ______________, lipids, proteins, and _________________________. Plants take in carbon dioxide during _______________ and use the carbon to build carbohydrates. Organisms release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide gas by ________________________. Geologic forces can turn accumulated carbon into carbon-containing rocks or fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by volcanic activity or by human activities, such as the _________________________________________________________

24. Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) makes up 78 percent of Earth’s atmosphere. All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which are used to build proteins and nucleic acids, which combine to form DNA and RNA. Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria that live in the soil and on the roots of legumes can use this form directly. The bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, in a process known as nitrogen fixation. Other soil bacteria convert fixed nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites that primary producers can use to make proteins and nucleic acids. Decomposers release nitrogen from waste and dead organisms as ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites that producers may take up again.

25. Humans add nitrogen to the biosphere through the ___________________________of fertilizers. Excess fertilizer is often carried into surface water or groundwater by precipitation. The result of this runoff can be an algal bloom—a dramatic increase in the amount of algae and other primary producers due to _______________________________. If there are not enough consumers to eat the algae, an algal bloom can cover the water’s surface and disrupt the functioning of an ecosystem. http://science.discovery.com/videos/eviron ment-brink/

26. Phosphorus forms a part of vital molecules such as _____________________________________________________ _. Although phosphorus is of great biological importance, it is not ____________ in the biosphere. As rocks and sediments wear down, phosphate is released. Plants bind phosphate into organic compounds when they absorb it from soil or water. Organic phosphate moves through the food web. Other phosphate washes into rivers and streams, where it dissolves. This phosphate eventually makes its way to the _______________, where marine organisms process and incorporate it into biological compounds.

27. All nutrient cycles work together like the gears shown. If any nutrient is in short supply—if any wheel “sticks”—the whole system ________________ or stops altogether. Oceans are ________________ compared to many land areas. In the ocean and other saltwater environments, _________ is often the limiting nutrient. In streams, lakes, and freshwater environments, ____________ is typically the limiting nutrient.