1. Exothermic Reactions Hot or cold

2. Starter – which is the odd one out and why? Combustion (burning) Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide (neutralisation) Ice melting Sodium hydrogen carbonate + citric acid (neutralisation)

3. Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid Gets hot 25 o C 45 o C magnesium Hydrochloric acid Heat energy given out Exothermic Reactions

4. If heat is given out this energy must have come from chemical energy in the starting materials (reactants). Reactants convert chemical energy to heat energy. The temperature rises. 25 o C 45 o C Exothermic Reactions

5. 45 o C Almost immediately the hot reaction products start to lose heat to the surroundings and eventually they return to room temperature. 25 o C Chemical energy becomes heat energy. The reaction mixture gets hotter. Eventually this heat is lost to the surroundings. The products of the reaction must have less chemical energy than the reactants had to start with. Exothermic Reactions

6. Energy / kJ) Progress of reaction (time) Energy Level Diagram for an Exothermic Reaction reactants Reactants have more chemical energy. Some of this is lost as heat which spreads out into the room. products Products now have less chemical energy than reactants.

7. Exothermic Reactions Exothermic chemical reactions are relatively common. Combustion reactions that give off heat and light are highly exothermic Acids and alkalis reacting together are exothermic. Exothermic reactions cause an increase in temperature.

8. Cools Heat energy taken in as the mixture returns back to room temp. Starts 25°C Cools to 5°C Ammonium nitrate Water Endothermic reactions cause a decrease in temperature. Returns to 25°C Endothermic Reactions

9. Extra energy is needed in order for endothermic reactions to occur. This comes from the heat energy of the reaction mixture which consequently gets colder. Reactants convert heat energy into chemical energy as they change into products. The temperature drops. 25 o C 5 o C Endothermic Reactions

10. 25 o C The cold reaction products start to gain heat from the surroundings and eventually return to room temperature. 5 o C The reactants need to gain energy to make products. 25 o C This comes from the substances used in the reaction and the reaction gets cold. Eventually heat is absorbed from the surroundings and the mixture returns to room temperature. Overall the chemicals have gained energy. Endothermic Reactions

11. products Energy / kJ) Progress of reaction reactants  H=+ Energy Level Diagram for an Endothermic Process This is positive because the products have more energy than the reactants. This is how much energy is taken in

12. Exothermic reactions give out energy. There is a temperature rise and  H is negative. Exothermic Reaction - Definition products Energy / kJ) Progress of reaction reactants  H is negative

13. Endothermic Reactions Endothermic chemical reactions are relatively rare. A few reactions that give off gases are highly endothermic - get very cold. Dissolving some compounds in water is another process that is often endothermic. Endothermic reactions cause a decrease in temperature.

14. Are these endothermic or exothermic? 1.A red glow spread throughout the mixture and the temperature rose. 2.The mixture bubbled vigorously but the temperature dropped 15 0 C. 3.Hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide react so explosively and powerfully that they are used to power rockets into space. 4.The decaying grass in the compost maker was considerably warmer than the outside temperature. exo endo exo Activity