1. The O’Odham

2. Main Ideas & Terms  Rancheria  Himdag  He hu kam/Hohokam  Tohono, Akimel, Hia C-ed O’odham  Father Eusibio Kino  San Xavier del Bac  Sonoran Catholicism  Wage labor  Resistant Adaptation  Ophelia Zepeda  Ak Chin Farms  Diabetes  Language Revitalization

6. Origins & Culture  Creation, punishment, re-emergence  I’itoi  He Hu Kam: “the old ones”  Hohokam  Irrigation canals& ball courts  Drought, dispersal, rancheria culture  Patrilineal  Clans, moieties, headmen, shamans, sand paintings  Expert basket makers

8. The People & the Himdag  Dispersal and decentralization  Uto-Aztecan language across the Sonoran Desert  Akimel O’Odham, River People (N)  Tohono O’Odham, Sand People (C)  Hia C-ed O’odham, Desert People (S & W)  Knowledge of land, plants, rain, environment  Patience, quiet, acceptance, fortitude, way of seeing, thinking about and being in the world

9. Sonoran Catholicism  Cultural Syncretism? Cultural “addition”  Resistance & rebellion  Spanish missions in O’Odham land  Mining & ranching, land loss  St. Francis Xavier, Jesuit saint  Feast day of St. Francis of Assisi  Worship without priests  San Xavier del Bac

10. San Xavier del Bac

11. Palm Sunday, San Xavier 1950s

12. Pima & Father Schwartz, n.d.

13. Pilgrimage to Magdalena  St. Francis of Assisi festivities  Burial site of Father Kino & original place where the image of Assisi resided  Has become a general Catholic & Indigenous pilgrimage for rejuvenation, penance, forgiveness  Border crossing

14. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and Gadsden Purchase

16. Reservations  1859: Gila River Akimel  1874: San Xavier 71,000 acres T.O. & Hia C-ed O’odham  1879: Salt River A. O. and Maricopa  1882: Gila River 10,235 acres A.O. Maricopa  1912: Ak Chin A.O. & T.O.  1916: Main Reservation 2.7 million acres

18. Wage Labor  What’s Meeks’ argument about wage labor?  What is resistant adaptation?  How did the tribe hold onto their reservation?  What is the central dichotomy that he tries to investigate, explain?  Were Tohono O’Odham exploited by wage labor?

19. Modern Government  Indian Reorganization Act, 1937  IRA governments were standardized, with emphasis on legislative branch. Included business councils, by-laws, charters and constitutions. Created to facilitate interaction with the federal government. Frequently caused problems on reservations because community members deemed them “foreign” and culturally inappropriate.  T.O. reservations divided into districts with councils, representatives to large Council: 22

20. Ira Hayes  Akimel O’Odham, Pima  World War Two  Mount Surabachi on Iwo Jima  Sold War bonds  Died in obscurity of alcoholism, racism, depression

22. Olphelia Zepeda & Language Recovery  Professor of Linguistics, UA  Poet and novelist  Desert, rain, cultural identity  Silence & stillness  The power of language  American Indian Language Development Inst.  Orthography & dictionary

23. Diabetes  “A disease of historical colonialism” John Martin  Massive and fast shift from a highly mobile and active lifestyle to a sedentary one  Shift in diet (for hundreds of years) from protein and vegetables to food that is high in starch, sugar and fat. Processed foods that are high in sodium  Highest rates of any people in the U.S.  T.O. in Mexico nearly zero diabetes

24. Ak-Chin Farms  Historic affinity towards flood plain agriculture: Gila and Salt rivers. Ak-Chin is about 35 sq. mi. Around 500-600 people. White farmers and city took water In 1940s-50s BIA leased their land to whites  1960s tribal members strengthened their council and began demanding control of their own agriculture. Wanted to farm and needed capital, but banks would not loan to them since land could not be put up for collateral since it was federal.

25. Farming for millennia…

26. Ak Chin Farms  In the 1970s water became the biggest issue in Central AZ. Ak-Chin threatened to sue in the 1970s  1978 legislation gave them $43 million and guaranteed them 85,000 acre/ft of water. Dropped water claims  1987 they were one of the first people to get CAP water  In the late 1980s they had nearly 20,000 acre Ak-Chin Farms Cotton, alfalfa, beans, pecans, pistachios Used for schools, roads clinics, police, diabetes, alcohol. Nearly 90% employment

27. Community Activism  Gender and race “Organize as Indians or as women?”  Discrimination as Native, as women, as Native women  Feminists? Traditionalists?  Women as central to building community Education, social work, political leadership, wage labor, tribal administration

28. Continued…  Relocation Program to cities  Phoenix Indian School, Indian Health Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs  Adjacent Reservations  Phoenix Indian Center  Anna Moore Shaw and others  Great Society Programs, Office of Economic Opportunity, Head Start, Medicaid  Coalitions and organizations

29. Salt-River Pima Maricopa Indian Community  55,000 acres  20,000 nature preserve  6,300 population  Hoohoo Gam Ki Museum, Talking Stick Golf Course, Casino Arizona  12,000 acre farms  College & shopping mall  Basket making  Desert Eagle School

31. Conclusions  Ancestors of the Hohokam  Adaptation to desert environment  Sonoran Catholicism  Wage labor and urbanization  Language revitalization  Water rights & casinos