1. ARTTALK Chapter 3 Art History

2. Before we start, here are a couple of videos about light artist James Turrell. https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=WJITBvB8SbU https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=3PTwiv5ZEZI

3. Objectives for Chapter 3: Explain the value of art history. Use a four-step system to learn about a work of art. Understand how historical events influence artists’ work Briefly discuss movements in the history of art, from prehistoric through modern times.

4. Art History Ever since there have been human beings, there has been art. The need to create has always been a part of human nature. Before written words, there were drawings, paintings, and sculpture. We use visual images from the past to see how people lived. Art History is the record of art from past to present. Art Historians look at changes that occur in the field of art over time. They also look at the difference of art made from place to place.

5. Learning About Works Of Art You just learned about the four steps of art criticism. There is also a four step system for organizing the way you gather art information from a work of art. They are labeled the same, but have different definitions.  Description - When, where, and by whom was the work done?  Analysis – What is the style of the work, and does the work fit into an art movement?  Interpretation – How did time and place affect the artist’s style and subject matter?  Judgement - Does the work of art make an important contribution to the history of art?

6. Palmer Hayden. The Janitor Who Paints. c. 1937. Oil on canvas. 40” x 33”. Step One: Description You are looking for information about the work of art. Who did it? When? Where? Use the credit line. Use those steps for this artwork. (You would need to do research to find out where it was painted.)

7. Alice Neel. Marisol. 1981. Oil on canvas. 42” x 24”. Step Two: Analysis Look for the artist’s style. Individual style is the artist’s personal way of using the elements of art and principles of design to express feelings and ideas. Notice the expressive style in this painting by Alice Neel. Line and color usage are very important to her style.

8. Alice Neel. Marisol. 1981. Oil on canvas. 42” x 24”. Step Three: Interpretation In order to do interpretation, you must do some research to find out how time and place have affected the artist’s style and subject matter. Alice Neel was an American artist that only painted people she was interested in. Her style was not recognized until 1970 because she did not go as abstract as most artists did. She had her own distinct style. She was unaffected by the establishment.

9. Alice Neel. Marisol. 1981. Oil on canvas. 42” x 24”. Step Four: Judgement Research to find out the work’s importance in the history of art. Did the work introduce a new style, or is it an outstanding example of an existing style? With research, you find out that Neel was eighty-one when she painted this, at the height of her career. Historians consider her a great portrait painter. This is the portrait of a great American sculptor. You can conclude that this is an outstanding example of her unique style.

10. The Hall of the Bulls. C. 15,000 B.C.E. Altamira Caves, Spain. Art History – Prehistoric Cultures Prehistoric means before history, or before written records were kept. This makes art from this period very important. It is the only thing that tells us about the people that lived during this time. For many years, experts did not think cave paintings such as this one authentic, because the realistic nature and bright colors. The purpose of cave paintings is not known. They were deep in caves, far from living areas, so not for decoration. Some theories are that they were part of hunting rituals, prayers for the animals, or the celebration of a successful hunt.

11. Art History – Ancient River Valleys The Ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India each developed in a river valley. Each civilization had a monarchy and a religion based on nature.

12. Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt started more than 3,000 years before the birth of Christ. Lasted almost 3,000 years. Religion influenced every part of Egyptian life. The pharaohs were worshiped as gods and held authority over the entire kingdom. Egyptians believed in life after death, and preserved bodies for the afterlife. Artists that decorated the temples and tombs had to follow very strict rules set forth by the rulers. Each part of the body had to be shown from the most visible angle. Heads, arms, legs, and feet are shown in profile. Shoulders and eyes are frontal. Scenes were from life of person buried in the tomb. Metjetji with His Daughter and a Son. c. 2450 B.C.E. Polychromed limestone relief. 57” x 30”.

13. Ancient Mesopotamia Culture of a region more than a people. The area is modern day Syria and Iraq. Sumerians dominated the area first, creating the first system of writing called cuneiform, wedge-shaped characters. Sumerian artwork was more realistic than the Egyptians. Later, Babylon and Assyria became other cultures in this area. Statua di Donna. c. 2700-2600 B.C.E. Marble.

14. Ancient China Ancient China was located in the Yellow River valley. It is the oldest continuous culture in the world. Until modern times, China was divided into dynasties. A dynasty was a period of time during which a single family provided a succession of rulers. The first dynasty was the Shang dynasty. The lasting achievement of this time period was cast- bronze work. Ancient China. Ritual Wine Container. Shang dynasty. Thirteenth century B.C.E. Bronze. 30” x 13” x 13”.

15. Ancient India The culture of ancient India remained a legend until modern times. This city was found buried by railroad workers in 1922. The architectural remains of the city indicate that it was a commercial center. Mohenjo-Daro, India. c. 2500 B.C.E. It had wide open streets, divided into city blocks, multistoried homes, and elaborate drainage systems.

16. Art of Asia The cultures of India, Indochina, China and Japan have all produced exciting art forms. A way the art of these cultures was different from European art is that it was based on different philosophies and religious beliefs.

17. India Art is strongly influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist religions. Buddhism from the third century B.C.E. to the sixth century A.D. After that Hinduism became dominant. In Hinduism, there are three primary processes in life and in the universe: creation, preservation, and destruction. Vishnu, shown here, is the preserver. They believe in reincarnation, where the soul lives in many bodies in many lifetimes until it becomes one with Brahma, the great soul. South Indian. Standing Vishnu. Early Chola period, tenth century. Bronze. 34” x 14”.

18. India India exported its religions to the rest of Asia. Here, you can see a temple built in Cambodia of stone in the Indian style. This is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu. It represents the Hindu view of the universe. Southeast Asia. Temple at Angor Wat. Kampuchea. Cambodia. 1113-1150

19. China China adopted Buddhism during the Han dynasty, lasted from 206 B.C.E. to A.D. 220. Stressed the oneness of human beings with nature. Chinese artists found that long periods of meditation enabled them to find and capture the beauty of an object or a scene. Many Chinese paintings were made in scrolls, long rolls of parchment or silk. The Chinese also produced porcelain sculptures for religious purposes and to honor the dead. Hua Yen. Conversation in Autumn. 1762. Ink and color on paper. 46” x 16”.

20. Japan Japan also adopted Buddhism as its major religion. Until the end of the ninth century, Japanese artists copied the art styles of China and other Asian countries. After this, Japanese artists developed a style uniquely their own. Andŏ Hiroshige. Evening Rain on the Karasaki Pine. 19 th Century. Woodblock print. 11” x 15”. Subjects include stories of war, everyday scenes, court life, and nature. They perfected woodblock printing, allowing the artist to produce many inexpensive prints of one image.

21. Art Of Greece Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization. The influence of ancient Greek culture can still be seen today. Almost every city in the U.S. has at least one building with Greek influenced architecture. The Greeks built temples in honor of their gods. The Parthenon is the most famous example.

22. The Greeks believed in a logical, harmonious world. They sought perfect proportions in buildings, sculpture, and music followed by formulas. Artists produced statues that represented the Greek ideal of a perfect body. Their buildings and sculptures were originally painted many colors that have since worn away. Myron. Discobolus (Discus Thrower). C. 450 B.C.E. Roman copy of of a bronze original. Life-size.

23. Art Of The Roman Empire The Romans conquered Greece in 146 B.C.E., and adopted Greek culture, changing it to suit their own needs. Greek sculptors, painters, architects, philosophers, and teachers had a great influence on the Roman Empire. Earlier, the Romans had absorbed the Etruscan culture, adopting their drainage systems and the use of the arch in construction. Roman art is a blend of the ideal Greek and the practical Etruscan. The Romans built large scale structures, with huge vaulted and domed inner spaces.

24. The Romans developed beautiful interior decoration, and excellent roads. Portrait sculptures were realistic rather than the Greek idealized sculptures. Before the fourth century, Christians were not allowed to practice their religion in public, until Constantine legalized Christianity. This led to Christians building their own churches, based on Roman design. The interiors were decorated with mosaics. These mosaics were pictures made by arranging small pieces of colored glass. Greco-Roman. Man of the Republic. c. 50 B.C.E. Terra cotta. 14” x 7”.

25. In the eastern part of the Roman Empire, a new style of art emerged. It was popular around the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul) and spread to some towns in Italy. Named after the city of Byzantium, Byzantine art used very rich colors and figures that were flat and stiff. These artworks blended Greek, Roman, and Asian styles and usually had a religious theme. Byzantine, Madonna and Child on Curved Throne. C. 1260/1280. Tempera on wood. 33” x 20”

26. Art Of The Middle Ages In Europe The Middle Ages began with the conquest of Rome in A.D. 476 by invaders from the north, and lasted about 1,000 years. It is also called the Age of Faith because religion was the focal point of it. Churches grew in size and importance, and monks living in monasteries created highly decorated manuscripts. At the beginning of the middle ages, churches were built throughout western Europe in a Roman style. Romanesque was an architectural style that featured massive size; solid, heavy walls; wide use of the rounded Roman arch; and many sculptural decorations.

27. In the 12 th Century, more and more European people moved from the countryside into towns. Stone carvers and carpenters organized into guilds, and apprentices learned their craft from the masters in these guilds. A wealthy new middle class, city pride, and religious faith led to the building of huge cathedrals. The pointed arch and flying buttress brought about changes in architecture.

28. This new style, called Gothic, featured churches that emphasized upward movement and featured stained glass windows. These cathedrals became the world’s largest structures since the Egyptian pyramids. By using stained glass, Gothic builders transformed the light entering churches into rich, glowing color. Gothic sculpture and painting took on less stylized, more realistic qualities. Reims Cathedral. Reims, France. 1225 -1299.

29. Art Of The Renaissance In Europe At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Middle Ages were coming to an end. The invention of the printing press and European exploration of the Americas and the Pacific were two factors that led to the beginning of a new era. The art of Europe also went through many changes. The Renaissance is the name given to the period of awakening at the end of the Middle ages. It brought new interest in the philosophy and art of ancient Greece and Rome. Renaissance is a French word that means rebirth.

30. The Renaissance in Italy, and later in northern Europe, was a complete change in human awareness. During the middle ages, artists worked for the church, but during the Renaissance, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, mingled socially with nobles and Kings. In both painting and sculpture, the realistic representation of people and objects became very important. Michelangelo. Pietà (Detail). C. 1500. Marble. 6’5” high.

31. To show people and objects accurately, Italian artists studied the classical art of Greece and Rome as well as the natural world around them. An architect named Filippo Brunelleschi developed a technique called linear perspective. Linear perspective is a graphic system that creates the illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface. This provided a set of rules that enabled artists to show figures and objects in space, giving the illusion of reality. Northern European artists such as Jan van Eyck concentrated on symbols and the surface details of objects. Jan van Eyck is also credited with the invention of modern oil painting, allowing artists to work on fine details while the paint was still wet.

33. Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, 1495-1498, oil/tempera on plaster.

34. Art Of Islam Islamic art, the art of the Muslim world, is decorative. The interior of mosques, were decorated with ornate calligraphy (beautiful writing), geometric patterns, and stylized plants and flowers. Art depicting people or animals was not permitted in mosques. Book illustrators were not limited to the same restrictions. They depicted people and animals in everyday scenes such as banquets hunting scenes, and popular romantic stories, using decorative patterns. Nizami. Khamseh: Bahram Gur and the Chinese Princess in the Sandalwood Paviion on Thursday. 1524-1525. Colors and gilt on paper. 13” x 9”.

35. Art of Native Americans The people of North, Central, and South America had well-organized civilizations by the time the Europeans arrived in 1492. Any culture before the Europeans arrived is called pre-Columbian. There were over twenty million people living in two thousand different groups. Each group had its own unique language, traditions, rituals and art forms. The arts were an integral part of their sacred rituals and daily living. This statue comes from pre-Columbian Mexico and represented a participant in an elaborate ritual carried out in the manner of a ball game. Gulf Coast. Mexico. Figurine (Ballplayer). Late Classic period. C. 900 A.D. Hollow, mold-made ceramic. 7” x 3”.

36. This corn husk mask was worn by the Iroquois of North America during ceremonies in which bountiful crops were predicted for the upcoming year. Iroquois. Corn Husk Mask. Ontario, Canada, Grand River Reservation. C. 1900. Woven corn husks. 12”

37. Art of Europe in the Seventeenth Through the Nineteenth Century The European world was growing through exploration and scientific discoveries. Both the telescope and the microscope were changing the way people saw the universe. This new worldview was reflected in the arts

38. The Seventeenth Century By the beginning of the seventeenth century, artists were creating dramatic, theatrical works that seemed to burst with energy and strong emotions, and this style was called Baroque. Baroque was an artistic style in the seventeenth century that emphasized movement, strong value contrast, and variety. Baroque artists refined perspective to the point where the figures seemed to move off the canvas toward the viewer. They also added dramatic lighting effects using dark shadows and brightly lit areas. Judith Leyster. Self-Portrait. c. 1635. Oil on canvas. 30” x 26”.

39. The Eighteenth Century In the eighteenth century, Baroque art evolved into a more relaxed style called Rococo. Rococo was an eighteenth century artistic style that stressed free graceful movement, a playful use of line, and delicate colors. Rococo art was used to decorate the homes of the French aristocracy, and their luxurious lifestyles was often portrayed in these paintings. It spread throughout Europe. Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. Marie- Antoinette à la Rose. 1783. Oil on canvas. 45 x 35 ”

40. The Nineteenth Century The industrial and democratic revolutions of the late eighteenth century brought about a new, faster way of life. Things were changing quickly. New art styles of art developed quickly as a rebellion against the styles of earlier artists.

41. Neoclassicism The French Revolution made the Rococo style go away, because it mirrored the aristocracy. Academies replaced apprenticeships, and taught a new style of art that better suited the new society. This style was based on Greek and Roman art, and was called Neoclassic. Jacques Louis David. Death of Socrates. 1787. Oil on canvas. 51 x 78”. Neoclassicism is defined as a French artistic style in the nineteenth century that used classical features, and was unemotional and very realistic.

42. Romanticism Romanticism was a reaction to the unemotional Neoclassic style. Romanticism is defined as an early nineteenth century artistic style that featured dramatic scenes, bright colors, loose compositions, and exotic settings. The Romantic artists disliked the many rules and lack of emotion in the Neoclassic style of art. The Romanticists believed that the artist’s personal impression of an event was more interesting than an accurate, historical report. Rosa Bonheur. The Horse Fair. 1853-1855. Oil on canvas. 97” x 200”.

43. Realism Another group of artists felt that they should portray political, social, and moral issues. The rejected the rules of Neoclassicism and the drama of Romanticism. They believed that the working class should be shown in a realistic way, and were suitable art subjects. Realism was a mid-nineteenth century artistic style that presented familiar scenes as they actually were. Thomas Eakins. Baseball Players Practicing. 1875. Watercolor. 11” x 13”.

44. Impressionism This group of artists did much of their painting outdoors. Scientific discoveries about light and color led this group to emphasize the effects of sunlight on objects. They concentrated on reflected light rather than on the form of objects. These artists broke up solid forms and blurred edges by Claude Monet. Palazzo da Mula, Venice. 1908. Oil in canvas. 24” x 32”. applying paint to the canvas in small dabs of pure color, that were then blended by the eyes of the viewer. Impressionism is a style of painting that started in France in the 1860’s that captured everyday subjects and emphasized the momentary effects of sunlight.

45. Post-Impressionism Gradually some artists that had been Impressionists became dissatisfied. They wanted to produce something more meaningful. Post-Impressionism was a reaction against Impressionism, but the artists were united by their interest in extending Impressionism’s formal innovations. Paul Cezanne. Le Chateau Noir. 1900-1904. Oil on canvas. 29” x 38”. There were two separate styles.  Some wanted to express emotion.  Others wanted to show more structure and form in their work. The achievements’ of the Post- Impressionists led to many of the developments in the art of the twentieth century.

46. Art of Africa Africa is a huge continent that has a population of millions that is subdivided into about one thousand culture groups, with the art being produced being just as varied. The paintings and rock engravings are not as old as those found in Europe, but they have the same subject matter, depicting humans, animals, and nonobjective symbolic designs. The arts of Africa were, and still are, interwoven into the religious and everyday lives of the many nations, kingdoms, and culture groups.

47. Africans do not see art as a separate activity unrelated to their everyday lives. Everything, from the paintings that women apply to the mud walls of their homes, to the ancestral figure made by the Bamum people, shown here, serves a practical function. Weaving is widespread, both everyday fabrics and the ceremonial kind. Bamum peoples, Cameroon. Male Figure. 1908 or earlier. Wood, brass, glass beads, cowrie shells. 63” high.

48. Sculpture is regarded as one of Africa’s greatest contributions to the world’s cultural heritage. It inspired the development of Cubism in Europe at the beginning of the 20 th century. African wood carvings include figures and masks. The figures are ancestral figures, power figures, and funeral figures. The proportions of the sculptures reflect cultural concepts rather than realism, with the enlarged head indicating its importance as the center of reason and wisdom. Africa, Ivory Coast, Senufo Tribe. Equestrian Figure. 19 th to 20 th centuries. Wood. 13 x 3 x 9”.

49. The Beginning of the Twentieth Century During the first half of the 20 th century, the range of art styles grew, and the speed at which changes occurred increased. The influence of rules and the Academy were dead, so artists were free to experiment and explore. Increased travel and new ways of communication helped artists compare ideas. One individual or group could influence another. Some artists, such as Matisse and Picasso, changed styles several times.

50. European Art Art in Europe moved in three major directions. 1.One direction was primarily concerned with expressing emotions. 2.Another emphasized structure, or composition. 3.Yet another stressed imagination and dreamlike inventions. Artists experimented with subject matter as well as with composition and style.

51. At the beginning of the 20 th century, a group of young French painters called the Fauves expressed emotion by creating works that exploded with brilliant colors, bold distortions, and loose brushstrokes. Fauves is French for “wild beasts.” Henri Matisse. Green stripe (Madame Matisse). 1905. Oil on canvas 40.50 × 32.5 cm

52. A different sort of feeling characterized the work of the German artists. Expressionism was an art movement of the 20 th century in which artists tried to communicate their strong emotional feelings and which stressed personal feelings rather than composition. The German Expressionists were reacting to the economic and social conditions in Germany before and after WWI. Their emotional subjects ranged from fear and anger to concern with death. Kathe Kollwitz. Self-Portrait. 1921. Etching. 9 x 11”

53. Another group of artists created work that went in a different direction. Cubism is a 20 th century art movement that emphasizes structure and design. Three dimensional objects are pictured from many different points of view at the same time. Three different things influenced the Cubists. 1.The first was an idea: All shapes in nature are based on geometric solids. 2.The second was scientific discovery: All matter is made up of atoms that are constantly in motion. 3.The third was art from another culture: The structure of African sculpture that had recently been to Paris. Pablo Picasso. Nude Woman. 1910. Oil on canvas. 74 x 24”

54. A group of Italian artists, the Futurists, took Cubism a step farther. The Futurists were an early 20 th century art group that placed lines and shapes in a composition to suggest motion. They called the forces of movement dynamism. Their paintings and sculpture seem to come to life. Giacomo Balla. Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash. 1912. Oil on canvas. 36 x 44”.

55. In Holland, an artist named Piet Mondrian created nonobjective art using only vertical and horizontal black lines; black, white, and gray rectangles; and three primary colors. His style was the exact opposite of Expressionism. Piet Mondrian. Broadway Boogie Woogie. 1942-43. Oil on canvas. 50 x 50”.

56. After WWI, the Dadaists used fantasy to take aim at the culture they thought had failed them. The Dadaists used fantastic and strange objects as subject matter, sometimes using ready-mades, already made household objects. Meret Oppenheim. Object. 1936. Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon. Their works featured strange objects such as fur-lined teacups.

57. Another movement offered a slightly different version of the Dada philosophy. Surrealism was a 20 th century art style in which dreams, fantasy, and the subconscious served as inspiration for artists. Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory. 1931. Oil on canvas. 10 x 13” Surrealists presented very realistic, almost photographic images but combined objects that didn’t belong together. The work of Surrealists is strange and dreamlike. It is not supposed to make sense.

58. North American Art At the beginning of the 20 th century, a group of young artists in the United States turned to the harsh realities of the city for subject matter. They were labeled the Ashcan School by critics who were shocked by the subject matter of their work: stark tenement buildings, crowded city streets, and poor working people. George Bellows. Cliff Dwellers. 1913. Oil on canvas. 41 x 43”.

59. North American Art An even greater impact on the American art world was made when the Armory Show of 1913 was held. This show introduced Americans to the new art being created in Europe. Many Americans were confused by what they saw, but it also influenced American artists to make modern art in America.

60. There was a group of American artists that Americans were comfortable with. Regionalists were artists who painted the farmlands and cities of America realistically. They focused on the vast expanse, beauty, productivity, and abundance of America. The people were shown as happy and hardworking. Thomas Hart Benton. The Sources of Country Music. 1975. Acrylic on canvas. 6/ x 10’.

61. Most sculptors were working with traditional materials using traditional methods. A few began experimenting with the new materials of the 20 th century. Alexander Calder. Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. 1939. Hanging mobile. Painted steel wire and sheet aluminum. 8’6” x 9’6”. Alexander Calder made sculptures that moved by arranging wire and sheet metal into a balanced arrangement that stayed in motion. He called these kinetic sculptures mobiles.

62. The 20 th century saw big changes in architecture. New material and new demands led to the development of skyscrapers. Functional structures with steel framed that emphasided simplicity of form replaced heavy, decorated structures. Frank Lloyd Wright believed that form should follow function, and he designed buildings that were in harmony with the environment. Frank Lloyd Wright. The David Wright House. Scottsdale, Arizona. 1951.

63. As the 20 th century started, the Mexican Revolution did too. Some Mexican artists developed a style with which to express their feelings about the plight of the people. They were referred to as the Mexican Muralists, because they covered walls and ceilings with their murals about Mexican history, the suffering of peasants, and the immoral behavior of the ruling class. They combined solid forms of ancient Mexican art with the powerful colors of European Expressionism. Jose Clemente Orozco. Barricade. 1931. Oil on canvas. 55 x 45”

64. From the Fifties to the Future After WWII the European art world was disorganized. Paris was no longer the center of creativity. Many artists who had fled Hitler’s Germany settled in New York City. They began teaching there, and by the 1950s they and their students made New York the center of the art world. During the last 70 years there have been more changes in artistic style and technique than there have been since prehistoric times. There have been many new art forms. There are more artists today than ever before, and technology has made artists to access new information from anywhere.

65. Abstract Expressionism was a painting style developed after WWII in New York City that stressed elements and principles of art as subject matter and emotion rather than planned design. 1.It was abstract because it emphasized the elements and principles of art as its subject matter. 2.It was expressive because it stressed feelings and emotions rather than planned design. It is also called action painting because artists applied paint freely to huge canvases. Hans Hofman. Flowering Swamp. 1957. Oil on wood. 49 x 37” Abstract Expressionism

66. Pop art is an artistic style used in the early 1960s in America featuring subject matter from popular culture (mass media, commercial art, comic strips, and advertising). Pop artists portrayed images of popular culture, such as Coke bottles, soup cans, Brillo boxes, giant hamburgers and comic strips, in a variety of forms. They made people take a new look at everyday objects. Roy Lichtenstein. Blam. 1962. Oil on canvas. 68 x 80” Pop Art

67. Op Art or Optical Art is a 20 th century art style in which artists tried to create the impression of movements on the surface of paintings with hard edges, smooth surfaces, and mathematical formulas. Bridget Riley. Movement in Squares. 1961. Tempera on Board. 122 x 122 cm. Op Art

68. Color-field Painting is a Twentieth-century style of painting using flat areas of color for the pure sensation of color. Artists creating color-field paintings are not trying to express emotion or use a precise design. Mark Rothko. Orange and Yellow. 1956. Oil on canvas. 91 x 71” Color-Field Painting

69. New Realism is a 20 th century American artistic style in which subjects are portrayed very realistically. This style has several names: Photo-Realism, Hyper-Realism, and Super- Realism. Sculptures by Duane Hanson look so real, a security guard called for an ambulance because he thought one of his sculptures was a real sick person. New Realism Duane Hanson. Traveler. 1988. Autobody filler, fiberglass and mixed media with accessories. Life size

70. Minimalists reduced their works to a minimum of elements. Sculpture was reduced to a minimum of geometric forms. Paintings were reduced to one color. Some artists created gigantic earthworks that made the public aware of the environment. Minimalism Tony Smith, Die. 1962. Steel. 72 x 72 x 72”.

71. As with every art form, architecture has not followed just one direction. Some buildings are still designed to be purely functional, and some are shaped to take advantage of solar power. Architects are also designing buildings that are asymmetrical and decorative. Directions in Architecture Center for Innovative Technology. Fairfax and Louden counties, Virginia Some teams are redesigning the centers of cities to make them more attractive to live in and visit.