1. Corporate Finance MLI28C060 Lecture 7 Tuesday 18 October 2016 Capital budgeting: Introduction to project evaluation techniques

2. Introduction of various forms of foreign direct investment (FDI)

3. Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the MNE Firms become multinational for one or several of the following reasons: – Market seekers – produce in foreign markets either to satisfy local demand or export to markets other than their own – Raw material seekers – search for cheaper or more raw materials outside their own market – Production efficiency seekers – produce in countries where one or more of the factors of production are cheaper – Knowledge seekers – gain access to new technologies or managerial expertise – Political safety seekers – establish operations in countries considered unlikely to expropriate or interfere with private enterprise

4. The Globalization Process The globalization process is the structural and managerial changes and challenges experienced by a firm as it moves from domestic to global in operations We will examine the case of Trident, a young firm that manufactures and distributes an array of telecommunication devices – Trident’s initial strategy is to develop a sustainable competitive advantage in the U.S. market – Trident is currently constrained by its small size, other competitors, and lack of access to cheap capital

5. Trident’s Foreign Direct Investment Sequence

6. Introduction of net present value (NPV) techniques

7. Recall the Flows of funds and decisions important to the financial manager Financial Manager Financial Markets Real Assets Financing Decision Investment Decision Returns from InvestmentReturns to Security Holders ReinvestmentRefinancing Capital Budgeting is used to make the Investment Decision

8. 9-8 Net Present Value (NPV): Net Present Value is found by subtracting the present value of the after-tax outflows from the present value of the after-tax inflows. Net Present Value (NPV)

9. Brighton Ventures has determined that the appropriate discount rate (k) for this project is 13%. $10,000 $7,000 NPV Solution $10,000 $12,000 $15,000 (1.13) 1 (1.13) 2 (1.13) 3 + + + $40,000 - $40,000 (1.13) 4 (1.13) 5 NPV NPV = + NPV $40,000 NPV = $8,850 + $9,396 + $10,395 + $6,130 + $3,801 - $40,000 NPV$1,428 NPV =- $1,428

10. NPV Acceptance Criterion Reject NPV0 No! The NPV is negative. This means that the project is reducing shareholder wealth. [Reject as NPV < 0 ] The management of Brighton Ventures has determined that the required rate is 13% for projects of this type. Should this project be accepted?

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 9-11 Decision Criteria If NPV > 0, accept the project If NPV < 0, reject the project If NPV = 0, technically indifferent Net Present Value (NPV) Net Present Value (NPV): Net Present Value is found by subtracting the present value of the after-tax outflows from the present value of the after-tax inflows.

12. Introduction of internal rate of return (IRR) techniques

13. 9-13 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the discount rate that will equate the present value of the outflows with the present value of the inflows. The IRR is the project’s intrinsic rate of return.

14. Recap: Proposed Project Data Brighton Ventures has determined that the after-tax cash flows for the project will be $10,000; $12,000; $15,000; $10,000; and $7,000, respectively, for each of the Years 1 through 5. The initial cash outlay will be $40,000.

15. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) IRR is the discount rate that equates the present value of the future net cash flows from an investment project with the project’s initial cash outflow. CF 1 CF 2 CF n (1+IRR) 1 (1+IRR) 2 (1+IRR) n +... ++ ICO =

16. $15,000 $10,000 $7,000 IRR Solution $10,000 $12,000 (1+IRR) 1 (1+IRR) 2 Find the interest rate (IRR) that causes the discounted cash flows to equal $40,000. ++ ++ $40,000 = (1+IRR) 3 (1+IRR) 4 (1+IRR) 5

17. IRR Solution (Try 10%) $40,000 $40,000 = $10,000(PVIF 10%,1 ) + $12,000(PVIF 10%,2 ) + $15,000(PVIF 10%,3 ) + $10,000(PVIF 10%,4 ) + $ 7,000(PVIF 10%,5 ) $40,000 $40,000 = $10,000(.909) + $12,000(.826) + $15,000(.751) + $10,000(.683) + $ 7,000(.621) $40,000 $41,444[Rate is too low!!] $40,000 = $9,090 + $9,912 + $11,265 + $6,830 + $4,347 =$41,444[Rate is too low!!]

18. IRR Solution (Try 15%) $40,000 $40,000 = $10,000(PVIF 15%,1 ) + $12,000(PVIF 15%,2 ) + $15,000(PVIF 15%,3 ) + $10,000(PVIF 15%,4 ) + $ 7,000(PVIF 15%,5 ) $40,000 $40,000 = $10,000(.870) + $12,000(.756) + $15,000(.658) + $10,000(.572) + $ 7,000(.497) $40,000 $36,841[Rate is too high!!] $40,000 = $8,700 + $9,072 + $9,870 + $5,720 + $3,479 =$36,841[Rate is too high!!]

19. .10$41,444.05IRR$40,000 $4,603.15$36,841 X$1,444.05$4,603 IRR Solution (Interpolate) $1,444 X =

20. .10$41,444.05IRR$40,000 $4,603.15$36,841 ($1,444)(0.05) $4,603 IRR Solution (Interpolate) $1,444 X X =X =.0157 IRR =.10 +.0157 =.1157 or 11.57%

21. IRR Acceptance Criterion No! The firm will receive 11.57% for each dollar invested in this project at a cost of 13%. [ IRR < Hurdle Rate ] The management of Brighton Ventures has determined that the hurdle rate is 13% for projects of this type. Should this project be accepted?

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 9-22 Decision Criteria If IRR > k, accept the project If IRR < k, reject the project If IRR = k, technically indifferent Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the discount rate that will equate the present value of the outflows with the present value of the inflows. The IRR is the project’s intrinsic rate of return.

23. NPV Profile and the Solution for IRR -$100,000 -$50,000 $0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 $300,000 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100% Discount Rate NPV

24. Multiple IRR Problem Two!! Two!! There are as many potential IRRs as there are sign changes. Let us assume the following cash flow pattern for a project for Years 0 to 4: -$100 +$100 +$900 -$1,000 How many potential IRRs could this project have?

25. NPV Profile -- Multiple IRRs Discount Rate (%) 0 40 80 120 160 200 Net Present Value ($000s) Multiple IRRs at k 12.95%191.15% k = 12.95% and 191.15% 75 50 25 0 -100

26. Introduction of accounting payback techniques

27. What is the Payback Period? The length of time before the original cost of an investment is recovered from the expected cash flows or... How long it takes to get our money back.

28. Proposed Project Data Brighton Ventures has determined that the after-tax cash flows for the project will be $10,000; $12,000; $15,000; $10,000; and $7,000, respectively, for each of the Years 1 through 5. The initial cash outlay will be $40,000.

29. Independent Project Independent Independent -- A project whose acceptance (or rejection) does not prevent the acceptance of other projects under consideration. u For this project, assume that it is independent of any other potential projects that Brighton Ventures may undertake.

30. Payback Period (PBP) PBP PBP is the period of time required for the cumulative expected cash flows from an investment project to equal the initial cash outflow. 0 1 2 3 4 5 -40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7 K

31. (c) 10 K 22 K 37 K 47 K 54 K Payback Solution (#1) PBP 3.3 Years PBP = a + ( b - c ) / d = 3 + (40 - 37) / 10 = 3 + (3) / 10 = 3.3 Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 -40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7 K Cumulative Inflows (a) (-b) (d)

32. Payback Solution (#2) PBP 3.3 Years PBP = 3 + ( 3K ) / 10K = 3.3 Years Note: Take absolute value of last negative cumulative cash flow value. PBP 3.3 Years PBP = 3 + ( 3K ) / 10K = 3.3 Years Note: Take absolute value of last negative cumulative cash flow value. Cumulative Cash Flows -40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7 K 0 1 2 3 4 5 -40 K -30 K -18 K -3 K 7 K 14 K

33. PBP Acceptance Criterion Yes! The firm will receive back the initial cash outlay in less than 3.5 years. [3.3 Years < 3.5 Year Max.] Yes! The firm will receive back the initial cash outlay in less than 3.5 years. [3.3 Years < 3.5 Year Max.] The management of Brighton Ventures has set a maximum PBP of 3.5 years for projects of this type. Should this project be accepted?

34. Critical appraisal of all three techniques

35. Comparing Methods