1. Describe Mao’s Career and his contribution to the CCP

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFKlpWBe6Xs

3. Before CCP Born 1893, raised in a peasant family in HuNan Trained as a teacher and worked in the university library in Beijing Introduced to Marxist Literature

4. Establishment of the CCP 1911 – Mao joined revolution 1919 – Became communist, set up communist cell group at Changsha 1921 – Started CCP with Chou En-Lai 1923 – CCP allies with KMT 1931 – Elected chairman of the Central Executive Committee

5. United Front 1926 – Northern march, KMT & CCP set out to destroy warlords 1927 – Hankow, Shanghai & Nanking 1928 – Beijing captured

6. Chiang’s Extermination Campaigns 1930-1934: Five campaigns aimed to destroy communists CCP took to the mountains and concentrated on building up Red Army Early 1934 – Mao’s base area surrounded by KMT Oct 1934 – CCP broke through CKS’s lines

7. Long March 1934:  Aim: Escape KMT and create new power base  100,000 communist covered 6000 miles in 368 days  Eventually 20,000 survivors reached Yenan, Shensi province, and set up new power base Effects:  Mao’s leadership of CCP accepted, made chairman during the march  Members left along the route to promote communist cause  Massive propagation of Communism  Mao gained faithful supporters

8. Second United Front Means of executing Mao’s goals CCP and KMT allied against Japanese invasion KMT removed anti- Communist resistance and CCP allowed use of Red Army by KMT Free themselves from nationalist attacks Expand military strength and spread Communism over wider areas

9. WW2 KMT made no major offensive action to push back Japanese forces Retreated to Chongqing KMT’s weaknesses exposed when financial crisis from war emerged- discontentment and loss of support from middle, upper classes and military when it made no economic reforms

10. WW2 Mao’s tactics gained him massive support-guerrilla activities behind Jap. Lines Expand visibly as compared to KMT’s little progress Soldiers given regular political instruction- prevent lossof morale Red army educated Chinese on how to defend their villages and set up militia force(2 million) to defend as well Communists set up village councils- land programme gave peasants land and reduced rents to manageable levels Considerable expansion in countryside-won over millions of peasants in Communist- controlled land

11. WW2 Chinese of all classes came to respect CCP as leader of China through their effort in resisting Jap. Forces ‘New Democracy’ included election to local committees from every social class- appealed to masses, even the wealthy By 1945, CCP controlled 19 ‘liberated’ areas- Many people recognised Mao’s authority CCP militarily stronger at end of the war and demanded end to KMT’s one-party rule Coalition denied and civil war broke out(1946)

12. How CCP gained support KMT inefficient & corrupt  KMT only looked after interest of industrialist, bankers & landowners and its decisions were not aimed for popular support from the peasants and working class  Mismanagement of government funds  Failure to implement plans of reform  Little improvement in factory conditions  Mao & communists provided better alternatives NO improvement in peasant poverty  1930s – Series of droughts and bad harvests  High taxes and forced labour   Communists land policy much more attractive- equal land distribution and more food

13. How CCP gained support KMT put up no effective resistance against the Japanese  1937 – KMT forces quickly defeated by Japs and quickly retreated, choosing instead to rely on allied aid to force back Japanese  Enabled Mao to present Communists as patriotic nationalists leading a guerilla campaign against the Japs  Won them massive support with the peasants and middle class

14. Mao’s role during the Civil War Won the peasant support through quick land reforms, rent reduction and Red Army recruitment Won social revolution in coutryside Concentrate military forces on for mobile warfare to avoid direct confrontation with the GMD instead of securing land Mao evacuated Yenan and stayed in the Shanxi base area to evade pursuers

15. Communist VICTORY 1949 – Communists captured Beijing Chiang fled to Taiwan Mao in control of mainland China Oct 1949 – Mao proclaims himself chairman of the CCP and president of the republic

16. Communist VICTORY Reasons for CCP triumph  Won popular support with the peasants by their land policy  Communist armies well disciplined  Administration honest & fair  Some KMT troops influenced by communist propaganda and deserted  Communist armies more tactically competent than KMT

17. China’s problems Problems after communist victory  Country devastated by civil war and Japanese invasion  Food shortages due to inefficient agriculture  Backward industry

18. Mao deals with China’s problems 1950 constitution  Included the National People’s Congress, State Council and the Chairman  Made sure that laws were carried out and that administration went ahead  Opposition ruthlessly suppressed  Significance: Provided China with a strong central government

19. Mao deals with China’s problems Industrial changes  Most businesses nationalized  1953 – Five Year Plan concentrating on the development of heavy industry (iron, steel, chemicals and coal) Agricultural changes  Land taken from large landowners and redistributed to peasants  Peasants then persuaded to join collective farms  Significance: Transformed small, inefficient private farms into large co-operative farms

20. Hundred Flowers campaign (1957) Industrialization produced a new class of experts (technicians and engineers) Party cadres believed the experts would threaten their authority However, government decided that open discussion might improve relations and called for constructive criticism

21. Hundred Flowers campaign (1957) Unfortunately for Mao, more criticism than expected Campaign hurriedly called off Significance: Showed how much opposition remained Also convinced Mao that he needed to consolidate the advance of socialism

22. Great Leap Forward Involved further developments in industry and agriculture  Aim: Increase output through mass mobilisation of labour Introduction of communes  Units larger than collective farms  Ran their own farms and factories  Contained up 75 000 people

23. Great Leap Forward Change of emphasis in industry  Smaller factories set up in the countryside instead of large- scale works  Mao talked of 600 000 ‘backyard steel furnaces’ springing up, organized and managed by communes  Communes also undertook to build roads, canals, dams, reservoirs and irrigation channels

24. Effectiveness and Consequences of Great Leap Seemed doomed to be a failure at first due to bad harvests from 1959 to 1961 and the withdrawal of Russian aid Massive decline in agricultural production Famine and millions of deaths Coupled with lack of experience among cadres, caused hardship from 1959 to 1963. Mao’s prestige suffered and he was forced to resign as Chairman of the People’s Congress

25. Effectiveness and Consequences of Great Leap Eventually, agricultural and industrial production increased  By mid-1960s, China was able to feed its population without famine  Communes became efficient units of local government  Allowed central government to keep in touch with local opinion  Economy continued to be labor-intensive  Ensured that everyone had a job, thus avoiding unemployment problems

26. The Cultural Revolution (1966-9) Aim: Re-assert Mao’s authority by purging elements that did not follow Maoism and reviving the revolutionary spirit Roused many students Red Guards toured the country to persuade Mao’s case Many schools and companies closed down Many were violently abused and killed, not just Mao’s opposers

27. The Cultural Revolution (1966-9) 1.5 million killed Loss of China’s cultural heritage Many cities were on the verge of anarchy Mao had to send in the army to restore order Massive decline in Mao’s support