1. Understanding the behaviour and decision making of employees in conflicts and disputes at work: Daniel Lucy and Andrea Broughton, May 2011 BIS Employment Relations Research Series 119

2. Findings UK evidence suggests that the first point of contact for advice and support is often the workplace rather than external sources, suggesting that employees do make efforts to resolve conflicts internally before resorting to outside help. Wide range of conflict management styles, and different factors that determine whether or not a conflict is escalated. The way in which employees approach resolving conflicts is affected by issues such as trust and the perceived likelihood of success of reaching agreement. Evidence on conflict management styles suggests that managers who adopt strategies for resolving conflict based on collaboration and problem-solving are likely to engender trust and are more likely to be successful at resolving conflicts. Employees, in turn, are more likely to adopt problem-solving strategies where there is a desire to reach an agreement, and the anticipation of achieving one.

3. Findings Appears to be consistent evidence, mainly from the US literature, pointing to the importance of perceptions of organisational justice in terms of responses to conflict, and the avenue taken to resolve conflict, including claiming behaviour. Three types of organisational justice are identified in the literature: distributive justice, which refers to the perceived fairness of outcomes; procedural justice, which refers to the perceived fairness of the procedures by which outcomes are determined; and interactional justice, which refers to the perceived fairness of interpersonal treatment. Whilst all three appear important, it also appears that procedural and interactional justice can compensate for low levels of distributive justice

4. Findings Inaction in response to discontent voiced by an employee is likely to exacerbate feelings of injustice. In addition, clear explanations for unfavourable outcomes (the type and adequacy of explanation can mitigate against negative reactions) are seen as important.’ ‘The review has also found that economic factors – ie economic rewards from winning a case – play a role in decisions to make a claim, even though economic rewards are often not accurately estimated. However, the influence of economic factors was not as strong as the influence of feelings of injustice and poor treatment.

5. Policy Implications A range of policy implications flow from these conclusions. These centre around: encouraging more realistic expectations of the outcome of a formal claim; encouraging the development of trust within organisations: if the parties involved in a dispute have a basis of trust, any conflict that they enter into is more likely to be resolvable without escalation; building empathy between individuals in the workforce, which may help to contain the escalation of conflicts; avoiding escalation by reinforcing procedural and interactional justice within organisations. The role of line managers is particularly key in this regard;

6. Policy Implications helping individuals to value the offer from the other party, by building trust and, where feasible providing expert and impartial information, advice and guidance, either internally or externally; valuing and encouraging the positive role that trade unions can play in helping to resolve workplace disputes (in workplaces where there are recognised trade unions); considering how to encourage greater use of information, advice and guidance by ensuring it is actually followed. This could involve framing information, advice and guidance in such a way as to be influential in affecting behaviour. This could include accurate information about the financial outcomes of and length of time spent on an employment tribunal case, and the advantages of seeking alternative ways of resolving a dispute, possibly involving testimonials or case studies.’

7. Does the Research Tell Us Anything we Didn’t Know?