1. Tourism History

2. Key  Social, cultural, economic, technological changes  Facilitators (enabling factors)  Time  Money  Health  Transport (comfortable, convenient, affordable)  Removal of constraints (political, health & safety)

3. Key  Motivators  Reasons for travel  Intrinsic fulfilling a need or want  General (to travel)  Specific (to destination x)

4. Early Tourism  Nomads  Food gathering, climate, trade and barter  3000BC ships on open water  1500Bc Egyptians visit pyramids  Religion and curiosity

5. Early Tourism  Greek and Roman Empires  Business travel  Merchants (coin currency)  Government administration (collect taxes)  Military (build and maintain empires)  Olympic Games 776BC  Spas, festivals, sightseeing (health and pleasure)

6. Early Tourism  Guide books and travel writing  Holidays  Wealthy travelled for leisure and to visit friends and relations (VFR)  Romans built roads throughout Europe  (50,000 miles) infrastructure

7. Early Tourism  Japanese and Chinese  Leisure travel  Resorts  Second homes

8. Middle Ages  Travel dangerous  Hard work  Uncomfortable  Silk road from Venice to Beijing: Marco Polo  Holidays  Holy days for leisure, festivals  Religious pilgrimages  Monasteries provided hospitality

9. The Renaissance & 18 th Century  Spas (health)  Seaside resort  The Grand Tour  Education – major cultural centres of Europe with tutor  Immigration  Stage coaches  Hospitality

10. 19 th Century  Industrial revolution  Urbanisation  Countryside attractive  Interest in wilderness  Increased wealth  Reduced cost of travel

11. 19 th Century  Technological developments  Modern transport systems  Railway, steamships  Railways 1820’s in England and USA  Excursions for workers to seaside  Family holidays  Thomas Cook prepaid package holidays

12. 19 th Century  Steamships  Regular ferry service across english channel  P&O to USA and Far East  Cunard to US  Thomas Cook around the world tour  12 people, 220 days, cost was equivalent to average annual salary  1869 opening of Suez Canal

13. Mid 19 th Century  Photography  Organised travel  Travellers’ cheques  American Express  Political stability  Bicycle  Guide books

14. 20 th Century  Mass tourism  Technology  Increased leisure time  Discretionary income  Telecommunications  Efficient modes of transport  Motor cars (decline of railway)  Private ownership

15. 20 th Century  Airlines (decline of steamship companies)  Health and Safety for travellers improving  Mass communication  Cinema, radio, photography, television  Post World War 1  Increase in immigration  Passports, coaches, cruising

16. 20 th Century  Post World War I  1930’s depression  Collapse of international tourism  Government limits imposed on foreign exchange  Introduction of all inclusive holiday entertainment  Butlins camps

17. 20 th Century  Post World War 2  New technology  1945 first commercial trans-Atlantic flight  1950’s long haul, jet age  (Boeing 707, 1958) London to New York from 18 hours to 7 hours  Disneyland opens (1955)

18. 1960s – 70s  Business Travel  New tourism generating countries eg. Japan  Special interest holidays  Package tours  Charter flights – sun seekers  UK to Spain  New York to Miami or Mexico

19. 60s to 70s  New aeroplanes  747 Jumbo Jet  Concorde ( 3.5hrs London to New York)  Never commercially successful  1969 Neil Armstrong walks on the moon

20. 1980s  International tourism doubles in this decade  (what else happens)

21. 1990s  Tourism 13% of world’s consumer spending  More freedom to travel  International trade promotes travel  Globalisation and foreign exchange  EU – Economic market  Break up of Soviet Union  Tunnel between London and France (chunnel)

22. 2000 - 2010  September 11 – Terrorist attack  SARS  Oil price skyrockets  Climate change  Cheap travel  Iraq war  Recession  Natural disaster

23. 2009-2010  Recession  Terrorism  Political instability

24. What now?  Political instability  Recession  Sustainability – Carbon footprints  New technology – larger aeroplanes  Natural disasters - volcanoes