1. The Formation of the Canadian Federation 1850- 1929

2. Part I: Toward the Canadian Federation 1840: The Act of Union unified “Upper Canada” and “Lower Canada” under one government !!!

4. 1848: Reform leaders of Canada West and Canada East, Robert Baldwin and Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine, formed an alliance that led to the establishment of responsible government.

5. Although the Baldwin-Lafontaine administration aggravated tensions between English and French Canadians, it did result in responsible government!!!

6. After the introduction of Responsible Government, Canadian society changed!!! It transformed completely!!! Economic and political ties to Great Britain were strained, while cultural, religious, and linguistic conflicts between the two “Canadas” still persisted!!!

7. I. Political Troubles United Canada’s political landscape transformed in the 1850s, as political parties refined themselves and formed new alliances. The balance of power was constantly shifting between parties. It became increasingly difficult to run the colony.

8. A. The two-party system Dissent had become a problem in the Reform Party since the establishment of responsible government. Radical Reformers wanted more change while moderate party members were satisfied. Dissent led to creation of new parties and the “two-party system” as introduced.

9. Two-party system: A political system in which there are two main parties, one or the other which holds power.

10. The Conservative Party The conservatives were represented by John A. MacDonald in “Canada West” and George- Etienne Cartier in “Canada East”. A.John A. MacDonald represented the Tory Party B.George-Etienne Cartier represented the Parti bleu, made up of former moderate reformers

11. The Goal of Conservatives To develop the colony and build political and commercial relations within a United Canada.

12. The Liberals The liberals were represented by George Brown in “Canada West” and Antoine- Aime Dorion in “Canada East”. A. George Brown represented the Clear Grit Party. B. Antoine-Aime Dorion represented the Parti rouge

13. Goals of the Liberal Party Both liberal parties from “Canada East” and “Canada West” were made up of former radical Reformers The Clear Grit Party and Parti rouge amalgamated in 1867. Prior to this, they were unable do so because of their opposing views on culture, religion and language. The former feared “French Domination” as well!!!

14. The Conservatives In Canada West Name of party: The Conservative Party Leader: John A. MacDonald Representation: Minority Members: Former Tories and moderate Reformers from Canada West. Most were Protestant and Anglophone and were tied to British Crown. In Canada East Name of Party: Parti Bleu Leader: George-Etienne Cartier Representation: Majority Members: reformers from Montreal’s bourgeoisie; majority are business people; they have support of clergy.

15. The Liberals In Canada West Name of party: Clear Grit Leader: George Brown Representation: Majority Members: radical reformers In Canada East Name of Party: Parti Rouge Leader: Antoine-Aime Dorion Representation: Minority Members: Former radical reformers, intellectuals, nationalists and anti-clericals.

16. Semantics: The difference between Conservatives and Liberals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9nKSByk ygA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9nKSByk ygA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d777eIByIl M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d777eIByIl M

17. A few more definitions … Anticlerical: that which is opposed to the intervention of the Church in state affairs or public life in general

18. Majority vs. Minority Government Majority Government: Minority Government:

19. B. Ministerial instability In 1854, elections were won by an alliance of Francophone and Anglophone Conservatives led (starting from 1857) by George-Etienne Cartier and John A. MacDonald. The Conservatives hold a majority in Canada East but a minority in Canada West. Consequently, they lacked “the double majority” required for a majority government!!! Instead they form a minority government with the liberals constantly contesting their power!!!

20. Canada West: A LIBERAL MAJORITY!!! Clear Grit Party = Majority Conservative Party = Minority Canada East: A CONSERVATIVE MAJORITY!!! Parti blue = Majority Parti rouge = Minority

21. From 1854- 1864, minority governments were reformed and this resulted in ministerial instability. It became difficult to manage the colony’s affairs.

22. C. Proportional Representation In the first half of the 19 th Century, waves of immigration tipped demographic balance in United Canada. In early 1850s, Canada West has larger population than Canada East, but both still had the same number of representatives in the Legislative Assembly.

23. Canada West’s George Brown, representative of the Clear Grits, promoted the idea of proportional representation (AKA “representation by population!!!”). Canada East opposes this vehemently as it would put them in a minority position in the Assembly. French Canadians felt in particular proportional representation would endanger their language and culture.

24. The Consequence… In 1849, many members of the Legislative Assembly questioned a United Canada! They even presented the Queen with a motion to dissolve the union… … but it was withdrawn after further debate!!!

25. NOW FOR A TEXTBOOK BREAK… Pls. refer to the graph on page 77 of your textbook!!! What was the population of Canada West and Canada East circa 1840? What was the population of Canada West and Canada East in 1851?

26. II. The International Context In addition to political tensions, United Canada experienced numerous economic changes!!! Great Britain, which began the process of Industrialization in the late 18 th Century, changed its trade polities!!!

27. A. Adoption of a Free Trade Policy Do you know what free trade is? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LoB2i4fe 5Q Free trade: An economic system abolishing customs duties on part of all of the commercial trade between countries

28. Canada continued to be dependent on the mother country until the mid-19 th Century. Majority of colony’s resources were exploited and exported to the mother country Main exports: wheat, fur, timber, ore – all of which were sent to GB!!!

29. Between 1846- 1849, GB abandoned protectionism and adopted a free trade policy!!! An Interesting tidbit… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brqnui9d V9o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brqnui9d V9o

30. B. The Reciprocity Treaty United Canada could no longer rely on GB to export its goods too, nor could it rely on GB for imports!!! SO NOW WHAT WILL CANADA DO??? … 1854: Canada and the US signed a Reciprocity Treaty lifting tariffs on raw materials and agriculture traded between the two countries. Treaty lasted for 12 years!!!

31. Consequence of Reciprocity Treaty Canada had access to US market!!! The USA imported substantial quantities of Canada’s natural resources. HOWEVER… To avoid complete dependence on the US, the British North American colonies developed their own common market.

32. Canada: An Economic Union the British North American colonies developed their own common market. Their goal was to increase trade and to promote local industry. From these efforts, a political union was formed!!! QUESTION: So what drives the Canadian Confederation??? Economics!!! Don’t believe me? You’ll see as we move forward…

33. III. The beginning of the first phase of industrialization (1850- 1867) When United Canada’s mother country adopted a free trade policy, British colonies were forced to manufacture consumer goods that they could then sell to the USA and other colonies!!! so… the first manufacturing sectors arose!!!

34. The First Phase of Industrialization Manufacturing resulted in the first phase of industrialization!!!

35. Definitions Capital: Means of Production:

36. A. Capitalism and the principal manufacturing sectors Wealthy merchants, owners of large companies and some politicians invest in the necessary capital to acquire the means of productions. The wealthy invest in constructing factories and establishing new industries, where the production of goods by a large number of workers are under their control, guaranteed wealth!!! This is the birth of “Industrial Capitalism”.

37. Industrial capitalism: an economic system in which the members of one social class possessed the capital as well as the means of production and who controlled a group of workers for the purpose of increasing their wealth.

38. Entrepreneurs tried to meet needs of rapidly growing population. Food, footwear, textile, iron, steel and railway equipment sectors were among the first to develop.

39. TIME FOR A COOL PHOTOGRAPH!!! Pls. look at the factory on Hochelaga on page 79 of your textbook. Answer questions on page 79 on document 12.

40. B. Transport Networks United Canada developed new transport networks to handle expanding trade among the British colonies and with the United States of America. Shipping canals were the first organized transport network in United Canada. Transporting goods by water was efficient way.

41. Canals provided hydraulic power to run factories. Many canals were built in the first half of the 19 th Century.

42. The Railway Mid-19 th Century: national efforts were made to extend railway.

43. The Victoria Bridge (pont Victoria) spans across the St. Lawrence River joining the island of Montreal to the South Shore. The bridge was financed by the Grand Trunk Railway Company!!! It was built between 1854- 1859 and it was the longest bridge in the world at that time!!! The Prince of Wales inaugurated the Bridge in 1860 in honor of Queen Victoria. It was used exclusively for trains up until 1899!!!

44. Advantages of Railway Rapid access to raw material Transportation of manufactured goods Reliable year-round-access among British colonies (unlike the waterways) Opening of new territories to colonization Growth of new industrial sector based on manufacturing of railway equipment.

45. Pls. refer to the map of the Railway on page 81.

46. C. Population migration and urbanization Huge workforce had to mobilized for industrialization to take place and to construct railway. New immigrants, mostly from GB, came to British North American Colonies in the second half of the 19 th Century. The majority of which settled in Canada West. but … this had no effect on population growth!!!

47. Why does the population of Canada not increase even though British immigration increases? IT’S “EDUCATED GUESSING” TIME !!!

48. Because French Canadian farmers and workers had to leave the St. Lawrence Valley’s agricultural land which was overpopulated at the time. They moved to cities in the northeastern USA!!!

49. A Rural Exodus of French Canadians Between 1850- 1890, more than 400, 000 French Canadians went to work in the United States. The Catholic Clergy and the government attempted to slow down this mass exodus!!! How? By forming new areas for colonization and offering French Canadians who move to these areas land!!!

50. WHERE DO YOU LIVE??? Referring to the map of Quebec on page 82 of your textbook, pls. note what natural resources you live close to and what natural resources your ancestors live close to!!! PRETTY COOL…

51. Effect of Migration to the US Mass rural exodus of French Canadians to the US benefited US cities greatly!!! They needed workers

52. Effects of Industrialization It changed the organization and development of territory!!! A. Factories were concentrated in big cities and large people migrated to cities to live near the places where they worked. The result is urbanization!!!! *The population is for the most part rural!!

53. In 1850, the Port of Montreal became a hub for maritime and rail transport goods!!! Goods from abroad would be transported to Canada West and the other British colonies by rail!!!!

54. Social Changes and Working Conditions Entrepreneurs who built factories in big cities employed large numbers of workers. These entrepreneurs didn’t share their profits with their workers. Instead, they invested it in other businesses. Result of their investment = New Social Classes

55. The Upper Class Consists of the following: Wealthy entrepreneurs and politicians

56. The Middle Class The middle class, who had capital and the means of production, influenced political decisions. Rural population

57. The Working Class Came from countryside to work in city Many were immigrants Worked for entrepreneurs Made low salaries As machines gradually introduced, skilled laborers were replaced by those with fewer skills.

58. Conditions of the Working Class To increase their profits, entrepreneurs took the following measures: A. they lengthened the work day and week: The work week was 60 hours long. Workers worked 10 hrs/ day, and they worked 6 days of the week!!! The average labourer worked 72 hours a week B. Children worked in factories to help support their families

59. John Lennon’s “Working Class Hero”!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njG7p6CSbC U

60. III. The Confederation Project Political and economic changes in the 19 th Century prompted politicians to consider the future of the British colonies. A. Railways strengthened connections between colonies. B. Ministerial instability forced politicians to look for new solutions.

61. Let’s Unite… 1860s: politicians conceived idea of union of the British North American Colonies

62. A. Relations with the United States Closeness of US posed double threat to the colonies in 1860s. US wanted territory that the Hudson’s Bay Company owned to the west of United Canada, and United Canada wanted this land too! YIKES!!! AND TO MAKE MATTERS EVEN MORE INTERESTING…

63. 1861- 1865: American Civil War raged, pitting the South against the North Guess who Britain supported? THE SOUTH Consequently, the North thought of annexing United Canada

64. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: ABOUT THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil- war/videos

65. 1866: USA declined Reciprocity Treaty which had boosted trade between US and United Canada since 1854!!! Canada therefore had to develop trade partnerships with other colonies (which brought Canada a step closer to colonization). A Union of British North American colonies looked like one way to establish a large economic unit

66. B. The Great Coalition George Brown, leader of the Clear Grits, worked to end ministerial instability. Brown proposed an alliance between Macdonald and Cartier, the respective leaders of the Conservative parties of Canada West and East. Alliance is named “The Great Coalition”. 1864: Coalition government proposed the idea of a confederation of all the British North American Colonies.

67. A few definitions Coalition government: a government formed by members of many parties who have agreed to cooperate. Confederation: an association of a number of states, provinces or territories that gave some of their powers to a central government while retaining their political authority.

68. Reactions to the Confederation Project The Great Coalition’s Confederation Project didn’t receive unanimous support and opposition movements formed in some colonies. Newfoundland & Prince Edward Island withdrew from the project after preliminary negotiations.

69. Opposition to Confederation Project New Brunswick: Party that supported Confederation was defeated in 1865, and a supporter of confederation was not elected until 1866. Nova Scotia: Confederation was initially rejected until the colony’s Prime Minister but he agreed to project providing a new rail line would link Nova Scotia to United Canada. United Canada: Opposition came from the Parti rouge, who leader, Antoine-Aime Dorion, was concerned that the Francophone population would not be represented. But Canada West representatives and the Parti bleu supported the project so it was passed.

70. Initial Rejection of Confederation Project by Newfoundland!!! Why? They want to retain control over their own fisheries, territories, mines and mineral resources!!! They want control of their revenues.

71. Rejection by the Maritime Colonies WHY? Their commercial interests were so different from the rest of Canada!!! Naturally, they want to do what is in the best interest of their colonies!!!

72. Canada as an “American State” A manifesto favoring the annexing of Canada was published in 1849 by Napoleon Aubin, a journalist of Swiss decent. He strongly objected the Confederation Project. Napoleon espoused progress above all and he countered the fear of French assimilation; he thought progress was worth the French risking their nationality!!!

73. The Opinion of George-Etienne Cartier He championed Confederation!!! “In our own Federation we should have Catholic, Protestant, English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by his efforts and his success would increase the prosperity and glory of the new Confederacy … We could not legislate for the disappearance of the French Canadians from American soil, but British and French alike could appreciate and understand their position relative to each other”.

74. Constitutional Negotiations A great deal of disagreement remained on the subject of confederation. The colonies represented open negotiations about the type of union that should be adopted. Charlottetown Conference of 1864: representatives of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and PEI met to discuss a union of the Maritime Colonies. It is at this meeting that representatives from United Canada attempted to promote the Confederation Project!!!

75. Negotiations and debate at the Charlottetown Conference, along with an additional Quebec Conference that was held later in 1864, dealt with the concept of federalism!!!

76. A few more definitions … Federalism: A political system in which power is shared by two levels of government: the federal and the provincial governments. The federal government shares constitutional jurisdiction with the provincial government.

77. Conferences leading to Confederation Charlottetown, September 1864: agreement on the principle of a federal election. Quebec, October 1864: Acceptance of federalism as the political framework for a union of the colonies. London, December 1866: Drafting of The British North American Act; this Act is passed by British Parliament!!!

78. Key Figures in drafting the BNA Act Macdonald, Cartier, and Brown promised British North American colonies a union that would recognize their political authority !!!

79. THE POWER OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT!!! The BNA Act granted central government greater powers greater power than provincial governments!!! Residual Jurisdiction and right of disallowance gave federal government control over province.

80. Residual powers: all powers which had not been specified by the Constitution. *According to the BNA Act, this powers went automatically to the federal government. Right of disallowance: the federal government’s power to reject laws passed by the provinces.

81. The Fathers of Confederation The delegates at the conferences leading to the formation of the Canadian Confederation are known as the “Fathers of the Confederation”.

82. THE BNA ACT This act is the foundation of the Canadian Constitution. It declares the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as One Dominion under the Name of Canada. The Provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada sever and form two separate provinces: Ontario and Quebec (respectively) Authority of Canada is still vested in the Queen: - Power of the Military forces included

83. The British North American Act 1867 The first constitution of Canada Formation of Canada: Four provinces = Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia As a dominion, Canada managed its own finances and internal affairs Great Britain controlled foreign policy and army Canada becomes a constitutional monarchy. GB is still the Dominion’s official head of state

84. Constitutional Monarchy: a political system in which the official head of state is a monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution. Dominion: a sovereign state which is a member of the British Commonwealth (group of former British Empire colonies that remain united with the Crown)

86. British Government Governor General Executive Branch Legislative Branch House of Commons (Legislative Assembly) * Makes and votes on laws House of Commons (Legislative Assembly) * Makes and votes on laws Senate (Legislative Council) * Study and votes on legislation Senate (Legislative Council) * Study and votes on legislation Prime Minister and Cabinet * Enforces Laws Prime Minister and Cabinet * Enforces Laws The Dominion of Canada’s Political Organization in 1867

87. The Division of Jurisdiction The 1867 Constitution enabled sharing of powers between Federal and Provincial governments. Federal Jurisdiction: applies to entire country Provincial Jurisdiction: applies to a particular province

88. Federal Jurisdiction Provincial Jurisdiction Shared Jurisdiction Indian Affairs Commerce Defense and armed forces Criminal law Currency & banking Navigation Postal Services *** Right of disallowance Residual power Taxes Justice Civil Law (marriage, divorce) Education Municipalities Natural resources and raw materials Roads & public works Health Agriculture Economic Development Immigration Fisheries Prisons and justice Transportation & communications Public works

89. Parliament Hill

90. The BNA Act established the Dominion of Canada’s new Parliament in Ottawa, the capital of United Canada since 1857. Canada’s political institutions are located on Parliament Hill; the edifices on this hill started being built in 1860. - the House of Commons and the Senate are in the center block. - Peace Tower completed in 1927 - Memorial Chamber dedicated to soldiers

91. Part II: The development of the Canadian Federation Early years of development of the Canadian Federation were a time of industrialization, immigration and urbanization Living conditions for workers in city were poor Canadian Parliament controlled its own affairs but wanted more autonomy in international affairs.

92. The Beginning of the Second Phase of Industrialization At the turn of the 20 th Century, second phase of industrialization began.

93. Manufacturing was already well-established in urban centers but new industrial sectors emerged, sectors that were based on the production of natural resources. These natural resources include hydroelectricity, aluminum, and pulp and paper American investment also grew steadily and the money gained from this invested was put back into the railway and expanding factories.

94. The First Prime Minister of Canada: John A. Macdonald 1867: John A. Macdonald becomes PM of Canada His desire is to coordinate expansion of territory and to create an economy that would favour a domestic market. A Father of Confederation 1837: He is forced to resign when he is implicated in the Canadian Pacific Scandal. He was accused of taking bribes from railway companies. 1878: He is re-elected

95. Territorial Expansion and Political Problems First goal of the newly formed Government of Canada: TERRITORIAL EXPANSION!!! It desires to expand west.

96. Reasons for Territorial Expansion to the West 1.New places to settle 2.Larger economic base- more industries- exploit natural resources of more territory 3.To protect West from American annexation

97. How does Canada expand its territory? In 1868, Canadian delegates go to London to try to negotiate with the Hudson’s Bay Company to purchase its territory!!! 1869: transaction is concluded; Canada buys “Western Canada” for 1.5 million dollars!!!

98. The Aboriginal Nations of the West Before colonizing the land it bought from Hudson Bay Company, the federal government decided to negotiate with Aboriginals. In the years following Confederation, federal government made a number of treaties with Aboriginals seize the land and colonize. Agreement: In exchange for land, the government promised to create reserves and to provide medical services, food aid and clothing!!!

99. The Indian Act of 1867 An Act passed by the federal government This Act places Aboriginals under the guardianship of the government!!! Legally considered as minors under the law No political rights whatsoever!!!

100. Consequence of the Indian Act on the Aboriginal Population They are placed on reserves Treated as minors; same rights as minors Not permitted to vote! Government took over administration of their lands!!!

101. Assimilation of the Aboriginal Population Government set up residential school system to aid in assimilation process Students at Residential Schools were forced to forgo their customary attire and braids for work clothes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4-TYwFS- P0&feature=fvwrel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CReISnQDbBE

102. The Metis Uprising Canada’s government first step in colonizing the West is to send surveyors to “the Red River area” in southern Manitoba. The Red River area was home to for many years to the Metis, aboriginals who were primarily French speaking. Surveyors divided the territory into concessions (parcels of land granted to a person who uses and manages it).

103. Metis contested Canada’s right to govern them!!! They were slowly losing their land!!! 1869: the Metis set up their own government under the leadership of Louis Riel, a Francophone Metis. English Canadians refuse to accept this government

104. Crisis: Death of English Canadian 1870: Thomas Scott, an English Canadian, was captured, jailed and executed. What ensues after his death? Canadian troops were sent to Manitoba to deal with the Metis population. A compromise is reached and the province of Manitoba is created. Francophone and Anglophone Metis are promised titles to their land, along with respect for their language and religion in schools.

105. Metis Rebellion The Metis moved west and formed a community in the area of Batoche, Saskatchewan. 1885: Metis faced new land ownership difficulties. The railway was expanding and mass waves of migration from Europe forced them to rebel. Riel leads this uprising but fails and is thrown in jail!!! Canadian response to Riel being detained is divided!!!

106. Reaction to Riel RIEL IS “A HERO” TO FRENCH CANADIANS French Canadians are appalled! They distrust the English Canadians more. A symbol of the culture and values of French Canadians

107. RIEL AS “VILLAIN”… TO ENGLISH CANADIANS!!! Execution of Scott, English Canadian, by Metis government in 1870 causes English to distrust Riel.

108. More about Riel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mntbHNxO QLE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RV1ZqCWD dQ0&feature=related

109. Late 19 th Century: – Nationalist sentiment grew in Quebec – French Canadians were shocked and dismayed by the hanging of Riel and felt that the federal government failed to respect minority rights!!! – The Conservative Party, which had been in power in QC since 1879, lost support of QC.

110. Dates of Provinces joining the Confederation Province of Manitoba was created in 1870 and joined the federation Province of British Columbia was admitted to the federation in 1871, and PEI was admitted in 1873. Both provinces agreed to join providing federal government extend railway to their province and take on province’s debt! GB gave Canada the Arctic Islands in 1880 Land in west was organized into provinces in early 20 th Century: Alberta and Saskatchewan are created in 1904 Newfoundland joined the Federation in 1949

111. “Mercier” and the creation of the “Parti National” Honore Mercier, a French Canadian, rallied dissatisfied factions and used Riel affair to persuade the French in Quebec to support him. Mercier won 1886 provincial elections Mercier’s political policy: a. defended French Canadian Nationalism b. strove to protect Francophone minority He proposed a union of all French Canadians and formed a new political party, The Parti national.

112. The Macdonald Government’s National Policy Despite the creation of the new provinces’ Canada’s population was still small!!! Population was also unequally distributed 1879: John A. Macdonald’s Conservative gov. instituted its National Policy, a policy with main objective is to increase the population.

113. John A. Macdonald’s “National Policy” Goals of “The National Policy” of 1879: 1.To increase tariffs to protect Canada’s new industries 2.To extend the railway network across country to stimulate domestic trade!!! 3.To increase the population- of Europeans immigrating to Canada- to ensure a large enough labour force

114. “The National Policy” and “Higher Tariffs” Intention of tariffs = to strengthen Canadian products against competition in the international market. Higher duties on imported goods encourage Canadians to buy domestic products!!!

115. “The National Policy” and “Extending the Railway” Goals of extending the line: 1. To connect provinces 2. To increase domestic trade – trade between provinces 1880: Macdonald administration set out to build a transcontinental railway with the creation of “The Canadian Pacific Railway” (CP RAIL).

116. CP RAIL: A SUCCESS!!! What enabled CP rail to create transcontinental railway? 1. subsidized by federal government and private companies 2. government gave it tracts of land to build railway and a telegraph network 3. government gave it tax exemptions

117. The railway network in the early 20 th Century Pls. turn to page 100, Graph 43, of your textbook to view the “Transcontinental Railway”. Routes: 1. One line that ran from Montreal to Vancouver 2. One line that ran from Southern Ontario to Moncton 3. One line that goes from Riviere-du-Loup to New Brunswick to Nova Scotia.

118. Today: A Map of “The CP Railway” Network

119. The Railway: A Colossal Task The Canadian Pacific Railway was a spectacular achievement. It cost gov. a great deal of money Aboriginals were displaced from their land Immigrant workers lost their lives on the project, constructing it!!! BC - the most trying site of construction!

120. “The National Policy” and “Increasing population” The Macdonald gov. wanted to attract immigrants to Western Canada Future immigrants to the prairies would contribute to Canada’s economic development by growing wheat! European immigrants out west were also used to produce products needed for foreign trade. 1872: Macdonald passed the Dominion Lands Act. This act promised future immigrants 160 acres of land suitable for farming!!!

121. The National Policy: Visionary but unsuccessful at first!!! Immigration rate still remained low under Macdonald’s government. As a result, Macdonald’s government saw little economic success so… In 1896, Macdonald’s government was defeated !!!

122. Economic expansion under Laurier Wilfred Laurier was elected prime minister of Canada in 1896. The Laurier gov. kept and applied some of the principles of the National Policy that Macdonald put into action!!! The economy started to prosper and for the first time, the country began to prosper!!!

123. An immigration policy One of Laurier’s first goals was to give new life to Macdonald’s immigration policy. Laurier’s gov. launched a public campaign to promote immigrants to settle in Western Canada. ** Public Campaign: included posters promising free land, free passage to Canada, and freedom of religion too!

124. 2 Million Immigrants 2 million immigrants settled in Canada under Laurier’s gov. They immigrated from the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland) and Europe (Russia, Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary, Germany etc).

125. Industrial Development under Laurier Waves of immigration supplied large labour force that fuelled industrialization. Tariffs protected Canada from foreign competition Industrial sectors that were operating in the mid- 19 th Century finally began to prosper (iron, sugar refining, clothing, food wear, tobacco included). Prairie population created a huge demand for textiles, foot wear and food products. These industries grew rapidly in the Montreal area!!!

126. Early 20 th Century New industrial sectors emerged and exploited natural resources of territory In Quebec, the following industries grew tremendously in the early 20 th Century: aluminum, hydroelectricity, pulp & paper, mining and electrochemistry. The above industries accounted for only 9% of the industrial production in 1900 which rose to 22% in 1929.

127. Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia benefitted the most from this first wave of industrial development. Why? They had vast amount of natural resources. New industry brought development to the following regions: Saguenay, the Mauricie, the Outaouais and Chaudiere-Appalaches

128. Wilfrid Laurier (1841- 1919) Second PM of Canada; first Francophone to hold this position Held office from 1896 - 1911 A “Popular” PM because he wanted to reconcile differences between French & English, and his campaign to promote immigration to Canada worked! Under Laurier’s leadership, Alberta & Saskatchewan joined the federation and two railway lines were built!!! Laurier lost elections of 1911, but remained leader of Liberal Party until his death in 1919.

129. New Inventions … and the growth of Industry Hydroelectric power and new mechanical tools enabled wood to be turned into pulp, and pulp into paper!!! The pulp and paper industry grew in areas where timber was available: the Saguenay, Mauricie and Outaouais!!! Pulp and Paper Mill in Portage- du-Fort, Quebec (Outaouais)

130. Dominion Textile Company 1905: Dominion Textile Company acquired all of Quebec’s Cotton Mills (except for one) A little more about the Company: 1. a major employer in QC: In the early 1900s, the company employed 7000 workers, most of whom were women!!! 2. one of Canada’s biggest companies; the biggest textile manufacturer in Quebec since 1960s

131. Industrial Societies and Social Reform Canada experienced an economic book at the turn of the 20 th Century. Changes had harmful effect on working and living conditions in the cities. Workers organized and rallied for labour rights

132. Living and working conditions Thousands of immigrants who came to Canada in 20 th Century didn’t all become farmers; many settled in populated urban centers, where labourers were required. Cities lacked infrastructure to accommodate this influx of labourers.

133. Families are crowded in cramped, unsanitary lodgings in working class neighbourhoods. Absence of fresh water and sewers caused hygiene and health problems; diseases spread rapidly.

134. Working Conditions Appalling!!! Workers worked 6 days/ week; 12 hours minimum/ day Injured workers = fired = no compensation

135. 1886: deterioration in working conditions pushed the federal government to set up a Royal Commission of Inquiry. 1889: Commission published its findings. This report revealed harsh working conditions for workers, particularly women and children.

136. Working Conditions Child Labour: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruh0O_mj1v0 Nike Sweatshops: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOI0V4kRCIQ

137. Labourers began to react to the conditions they were subjected to. They united and demanded change!!! Their unity embarked the beginning of unionization. Unionization

138. Unionization: a movement to form unions to protect workers’ rights in negotiations with employers

139. 1872: federal law recognized legality of unions This law, however, did not solve all of the problems. WHY??? STRIKES ARE STILL ILLEGAL!!!!

140. The first Canadian unions were modelled on the ones being organized at the same time in the United States, which organized mostly male skilled workers.

141. Factory workers were mostly unskilled and had no protection. At this time, The Knights of Labor, an American organization, decided to represent all workers, regardless of sex or skill level. This union recruited members in Quebec until the 1890s.

142. The Knights of Labor Congress led to the creation of American Federation of Labor and then to the creation of the Canadian Federation of Labor (founded in 1883). The Laurier Government responded to workers’ demands by creating the Ministry of Labour in 1900. This ministry encouraged negotiations between workers and employers and settled conflicts between the two!!!