1. Unit 3 Empires of India and China  Write all words, phrases or sentences in bold on your side notes  Answer questions as indicated on slide in your notes  Complete activity sheets  Complete map  Mid-week Groups – timeline, posters, drama – play, poem, or monologue of your choosing 1

2. We are as we think we are.  The way we think is reflected in how we live. In all countries - cities, governments, religions, social structures, art, dramas, literature, math, and sciences are developed by because of the way people think and believe.  As we learn about the ancient empires of India and China, you will discover that they struggled with the same issues that we do today.  They asked the same questions of life.  They questioned why things are as they are and worked to make them better. Along the way, they changed the world.  So, for the next two weeks we will examine and analyze the people of ancient India and China and discover how we are the same and different.  Let the fun begin!! 2

3. India’s First Empires Mauryan Kushan Gupta 1000 B.C.–500 A.D. 3

4. Hinduism and Buddhism  Two of the world’s major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, began in India. Both were crucial in shaping civilization in India. Aryan beliefs blended with the religious practices of the Dravidians to form Hinduism.  Ayran settlers influenced Hindu beliefs and caste system. 4

5. After watching the video Discuss/Answer the Questions in your notes:  How was early Indian culture influenced by religion and social structure?  How did ideas and events during the Mauryan and Gupta Empires affect India’s development? 5

6. Content Vocabulary Write each word in your notes  varnas the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a group of people in what was believed to be an ideal social structure of four groups  caste system a set of rigid categories in ancient India determined at birth a person’s occupation, economic, and social structure.  Hinduism the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled in India after 1500 B.C.  yoga a method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with Brahman  reincarnation the rebirth of an individual’s soul in a different form after death  karma in Hinduism, the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life  dharma in Hinduism, the divine law that rules karma; it requires all people to do their duty based on their status in society  emerge to become manifest; to become known  process a series of actions or operations necessary to meet a specified end 6

7. Hinduism Religion and the Caste System  Between 1500 B.C. and 400 B.C., the spread of the Aryans and their interaction with indigenous Dravidians gave rise to a new culture on the Indian subcontinent.  This new culture built on the Aryan idea that society was divided into four varnas or ranked social groupings.  The varnas formed the foundation of the caste system; the caste system, based partly on skin color, and predetermined a person’s occupation and economic mobility.  The Caste system was characterized by Karma the belief that people were born into their social class.  As a government, Hinduism also forms the social structure of India as a way to lead and manage people. 7

8. Hinduism Hinduism contains four Varnas  Evidence for Hindu beliefs came from the Vedas, an ancient collection of hymns and ceremonies passed down orally.  Early Hindus believed that the duty of the individual was to achieve oneness with Brahman, the achievement of ultimate reality.  To achieve oneness with Brahman, Hindus developed the practice of yoga, which means “union.” Yoga is a method of training designed to lead to union with Brahman.  4 Varnas - Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra 8

9. Pyramid of caste system in India 9

10. Early Practice of Hinduism  During the 6 th century, Hinduism developed humanlike gods and the concept of reincarnation. The belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death.  Important to reincarnation is the idea of karma. Karma refers to how a person’s actions in this life help determine the position into which the person will be reborn in the next life.  The concept of karma is ruled by the dharma, or divine law. The law requires all people to do their duty. People’s duties vary, depending on their social status. Those high on the social scale, such as the Brahmins, are held to higher standards than the lower classes. 10

11. Discussion questions Answer the 2 nd question in your notes  How was religion connected to the caste system?  What determined your social structure status according to Hinduism and could you move up?  Is there something similar to a caste system in our civilization? 11

12. Class Activity  Complete ACTIVITY 1: Origins of Hindu India  Clearly label the following 14 countries on your map:  Europe, Greece, Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Persia, India, Russia, Mongolia, China, Southeast Asia, Malaya, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. 12

13. Religion and Social Structure of India Develops Buddhism and Hinduism 13

14. After watching the video Discuss and Answer the Question :  Is Buddhism a religion, philosophy, or a therapy to ease the mind, or all three and why?  Calm and clarity of the mind are the key elements for practitioners.  Buda forbade his image to be worshipped or for his image to be copied.  Buddhism was lost for many centuries. During the 1860s, archeologist discovered its origins and practices. 14

15. Content Vocabulary  Buddhism a religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the sixth century B.C. by Siddha ̄ rtha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One”  Nirvana in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul  Academic Vocabulary devote to commit by solemn act  rigid inflexible, unyielding 15

16. Siddha ̄ rtha  In the sixth century B.C. a new philosophical doctrine appeared in northern India.  This new doctrine was born out of Hinduism and was founded by a wealthy prince, Siddha ̄ rtha Gautama. It was called Buddhism.  Siddha ̄ rtha became disillusioned with tradition and the material world in his late twenties and embarked on a personal journey to find the meaning of life.  After attaining enlightenment through meditation, he devoted his life to spreading and teaching what he had discovered.  These teachings became the basic principles of Buddhism. 16

17. Four Noble Truths and Eightfold or Middle Path Ending the cycle of human suffering  The Buddha’s wisdom is codified in the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold or Middle Path.  The purpose of following the Eightfold is to end the cycle of human suffering and to achieve enlightenment, or ultimate reality.  The Buddha accepted many central ideas of Hinduism, like reincarnation, but rejected other Hindu ideas like the caste system and humanlike gods.  When Siddha ̄ rtha Guatama died around 483 B.C. his followers spread the philosophy of Buddhism throughout India. 17

18. Summarizing the Buddha's original teachings  Reject blind adherence to tradition, authority, and religious ritual.  Deny the existence of the supernatural, a personal god, and a personal soul.  Do not think about the possibility of an afterlife. 18

19. The Four Noble Truths Write these in your notes  Ordinary life is full of suffering.  Suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves.  The way to end suffering is to end the desire for selfish goals to see others as extensions of ourselves.  The way to end desire is to follow the middle or eight fold path. 19

20. The Eightfold Path Write the words in bold in your notes 1. Right view : We need to know the Four Noble Truths 2. Right intention: We need to decide what we really want 3. Right speech : We must seek to speak truth and to speak well of others 4. Right action : The Buddha gave 5 precepts: Do not kill. Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not be unchaste. Do not take drugs or drink alcohol 5. Right livelihood : We must do work that lifts up our being 6. Right effort: Buddha said, “ Those who follow the Way might well follow the example of an ox that arches through deep mud carrying a heavy load. He is tired, but his steady, forward-looking gaze will not relax until he comes out of his mind. 7. Right mindfulness : We must keep our minds in control of our senses: “All we are is the result of what we have thought” 8. Right concentration : We must mediate to see the world in a new way 20

21. How might Buddhism cause a change in the social structure of a civilization and why? Use the information in the 2nd bullet to form your answer.  Spiritual tradition based on the ideas of the Buddha differ from Hinduism  The Buddha’s teachings encourage a reliance on individual thought rather than dogma.  Hinduism focuses on strict adherence to the divine law. 21

22. Comparison of Hinduism and Buddhism Use this information for your Venn diagram 22 Hinduism Buddhism No historical leader Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in sixth century B.C. Brahman supreme reality manifested in many gods Nontheistic Reincarnation with goal of higher rebirth leading to release from birth Reincarnation with goal of nirvana or extinction of self Reinforced varna system Emphasis on religious ritual Little emphasis on rituals

23. Class Activity  Complete ACTIVITY 2: Venn diagram of Hinduism and Buddhism  Clearly label the 7 water ways and 3 geographical elements on your map.  Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, East China Sea, Pacific Ocean,  Tibet Plateau, Himalaya Mtns., Gobi Desert 23

24. The Mauryan and Gupta Empires India and the Golden Age 320 BC – 550 AD 24

25. Mauryan and Gupta Empires  Mauryan Empire322 BC to 185 BC  Gupta Empire320 AD to 550 AD  Although the greatest empires of India were not very long, they greatly influenced the world in many ways.  Trade – art- mathematics, science, bridges and much more.  Persians conquered the Kushan Empire in 300 AD ushering in the Gupta Empire 25

26. Asoka – The Emperor of War and Peace Answer the questions in your notes  Watch the Mauryan Empire  http://www.neok12.com/video/History-of- India/zX067f7e500e5f6a026f5851.htm Discuss/answer the following:  How did the experience of war change India’s Emperor Asoka and why?  Name the advantage of using elephants instead of horses in war? 26

27. Gupta Empire: The Golden Age of India  Video of Gupta Empire  http://www.neok12.com/video/History-of- India/zX60596e62445d5c584c4e55.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/History-of- India/zX60596e62445d5c584c4e55.htm Discuss the following:  Explain how the Gupta Empire trade routes led to the Golden Age of India and why? 27

28. The Mauryan Empire  Maurya was a skilled military leader and politician.  He expanded the Kingdom of Magadha into the Mauryan Empire.  Maurya developed infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and a post office, that would help his empire to flourish for almost 150 years.  Maurya’s grandson Asoka began his rule as a brutal warlord. His military expanded the borders of the empire to include two thirds of the Indian subcontinent.  Later in life, Asoka grew tired of war and became converted to Buddhism. He taught his people to be kind to others and to have regard for human life. Under his rule, Buddhist teachers were able to spread Buddhism far and wide. 28

29. Ancient Indian Architecture. Famous Hindu Akshardham temple in South Delhi Intricate architecture is similar to what other culture? 29

30. The end of the Mauryan Empire and a return to the city-states  After the death of Asoka, the Mauryan empire entered a period of decline. His successors levied heavy taxes on the people. Their harsh treatment caused the people to turn against their Mauryan masters. The last Mauryan king was murdered in 184 B.C., which ended the Mauryan Empire. The region again returned to the control of small city-states. 30

31. The Gupta Empire The Golden Age of Ancient India  For 490 years following the fall of the Mauryan Empire, the Indian people would remain under the rule of small city-states. Then, in 310 A.D., a new leader emerged who would begin again to unify India. 31

32. Under the rule of Chandragupta Gupta Empire – The Golden Age  Under the rule of Chandragupta and his descendants, the people of the Gupta Empire flourished. Great advances in art, math and science were made during the Gupta Empire. For this reason, many historians refer to this time period as the golden era of Indian history.  The Gupta Empire existed at the same time as the Roman Empire. While we cannot say for sure, the two probably knew of each other. The Gupta Empire covered about two thirds of modern India and parts of modern day Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The Gupta Empire lasted from about 320 BC to about 500 BC. It dominated northern India. 32

33. The Golden Age of India  People were for the most part safe and prosperous. Gupta Empires is called the "Golden Age" of ancient India because of peace and prosperity. The people had religious freedom. Hinduism spread, and was the preferred religion, but Buddhism flourished as well.  Provided simple health care for free. Writers, artists and musicians were paid to produce their art. Most people were not educated, but the higher castes were, and the universities of Gupta were so famous that scholars from China came there to learn. 33

34. Ancient Sanskrit Gupta Empire developed Sanskrit 34

35. Math and Science, Education, Government, Law Gupta Empire Golden Age  The contributions of the Gupta Empire include the iron pillar, an educational system, a judicial system, an administrative system, mathematics and astronomy. The Gupta Empire developed Sanskrit and made a great impact in social, cultural and political spheres.  Algebra and the concept of zero, contributed to the theory that Earth was round and not flat, and propounded the theory of gravity.  A decentralized leadership system that helped the leaders rule effectively, education for women, and a hierarchic judicial system to enforce justice.  Great advances in math, science, medicine, art, drama, and literature. 35

36. Class Activity  Complete ACTIVITY 3: Mauryan and Gupta Worksheet  Clearly label the 7 cities, color Empires, and Silk Road on your map.  Purusapura, Pataliputra, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Tianshan, Taklumakan, Kunlunshan  Mauryan Empire – light blue  Kushan Empire – orange  Gupta Empire – color purple and identify with purple line  Area in common to Kushan & Mauryan – brown stripes  Han Empire – green  Qin Empire – darker orange  Area in common to Qin & Han Empires – purple stripes  Silk Road - red 36

37. China’s First Empires Qin, Han, Tang, Song Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Great Wall of China, Silk Road 550 BC 37

38. China Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism Three schools of thought for a stable culture  Zhou Dynasty – warring between states 403 BC - 221 BC  The last 200 years of the Zhou dynasty brought bitter civil wars. The people were hungry for peace and stability.  The Qin Dynasty lead by Emperor Qin created an era of unity. This also ends the Dynasty era and ushers in the Han Empire lasting 400 years.  Between 500 BC and 200 BC three schools emerge addressing the nature of human beings and the universe.  All three focused on material world and social stability  While Hindus and Buddhists focused on freeing the human soul and the cycle of rebirth, Chinese philosophers were more concerned about the material world and creating a stable society. 38

39. Content Vocabulary  Confucianism: a way of life, philosophy, and religion taught by Confucius in the 6th–5th century BC  Daoism: Created by Tao Te Ching in the 6th century BC emphasizing spiritual harmony within the individual, complementing Confucianism's focus on social duty.  Legalism: Developed at the end of Zhou dynasty. Believes humans are evil in nature and only harsh laws correct their actions.  Great Wall of China: Started Qin Empire 259 BC, consists of numerous walls and fortification to prevent incursions from barbarian nomads. Took a thousand years to build.  Silk Road: a route between the Roman Empire and China.  Located mostly in Asia  Named Silk Road because silk was China’s most valuable product. 39

40. After watching the video Questions to consider:  How did Confucianism alter the governmental structure of China?  Why do you suppose he never found his ideal leader?  Do you know a Qin in your life? 40

41. Great Wall of China  http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall- of-china/videos/seven-wonders-the- great- wall?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f= 1&free=false http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall- of-china/videos/seven-wonders-the- great- wall?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f= 1&free=false  Represents the essences of China and its greatness. 41

42. Qin Unifies China Qin was cruel while changing the government and social structure of China  Qin worked to unify China economically and geographically.  Left behind a wealth of information for historians and archaeologists.  Initiated a the Great Wall to keep out invaders near China’s northern frontier.  Made many administrative and political changes in China.  The dynasty collapsed after his death. 42

43. The Han Dynasty Change too Fast Creates Chaos and Disorder  Han adopted Confucianism replacing legalism of Qin as the new state philosophy  New technologies contributed economic success – paper -  Silk road develops opening trade across Asia and expanding empire  Chinese culture flourished, marking it as a classical civilization  Replaced republic with kingdoms, provinces and counties  Division of central government into military, civil service, and censorate  Han had higher population and density compared to Roman Empire 43

44. Schools of Thought in Ancient China As You Think is as You Do  The teachings of Confucius were focused on duty and humanity. He considered the Zhou Dynasty as the Golden Age.  The philosophy of Daoism presents proper forms of human behavior.  Legalism proposed that society needed a strong ruler to keep people serving his interests. 44

45. As the Zhou dynasty collapsed, three schools of thoughts emerged to help promote social stability Way to Improve Social Stability QuotationPhilosophy Work to carry out duty to humanity “If there is harmony in the home, there will be order in the nation.” Confucianism Rule with strict law “The universe is sacred… If you try to change it, you will ruin it.” Legalism Do not interfere with the natural order. “Laws exist to love people; rites exist to make affairs go smoothly.” Daoism 45

46. Confucianism  Confucianism :  Collected in the Analects  Focuses on the political and ethical rather than the spiritual  Emphasis on duty and the Five Constant Relationships  Call for humanity, compassion, and empathy  Advocates of rule by merit, not by noble birth 46

47. The Five Constant Relationships 47

48. Tang Dynasty 618-907 AD  Tang developed a steelmaking process, cotton clothing, and gunpowder weapons.  Improved farming techniques and land reform  Government examination system, rebuilt bureaucracy  Philosophy Buddhism supported than opposed  Downfall/Destruction economic difficulties, warlords take control  Internal/External Threats - weak emperors,  nomadic invasions 48

49. The Song Dynasty 960 AD – 1279 AD Economic prosperity Brilliant cultural achievements  Land reforms and improved farming methods led to an abundance of food.  Trade flourished as private merchants became active and guilds grew.  Banking emerged as a money economy continued to develop.  Paper money replaced copper coins and taxes payed with money and no longer grain.  Architects designed beautiful palaces, temples, and pagodas.  Music was popular, and new forms of poetry developed. 49

50. Class Activity  Complete ACTIVITY 4: Chinese Dynasties  Continue working map on your map  Complete your notes  Complete for homework 50

51. Monday - Activity in-class 1. Read the biography on Confucius and answer the questions. 1. Why would the government resist Confucius? 2. Why is he viewed as a radical? 2. Be ready to read out loud the quotes from Confucius. What does he mean when he says, “In whatever direction the wind blows, the grass always bends.” He is not talking about real grass.” 3. Confucius believed that respect for parents and elders and family honor was a virtue called filial piety. 4. He believed that proper behavior of each family member created harmony in society. 5. The Five Relationships helped to solve the problem of inner conflict among people and social structures and provided a code of behavior for right living. 51

52. Tuesday – What is used today from Ancient China?  Use the Chinese Dynasties and The Middle Kingdom handouts for your information  Complete the Sill Road and Chinese Society sheet and fill-in-the-blank in your group. Please use your phone.  Keep in mind:  Mathematics and technology  3 religions  Printing, drilling wells, making iron are just some of the technical knowledge we got from China.  What else can you think of that we have gotten from ancient China. 52

53. Wed/Thursday  After watching the video discuss the Silk Road and the collapse of China.  What did Marco Polo find so amazing as he travels across Asia?  How did his book of travel change the world?  Work in groups and complete all activity sheets, posters, timelines,  Use your phones to find information. 53