1. Chapter 5 (Section 1 & Slavery)

2. French & Indian War American Revolution

3. Meanwhile, back in Georgia… For 10 years - things are going great! No threat of French or Spanish. Creeks cede 2 million acres to Georgia. Under Headright System Georgia gives land away to get people to come to the colony. Governor James Wright and the two houses work together to promote economic growth in Georgia. More schools, more literacy and many books and newspapers are being sold. People called “Crackers” move into Georgia. Crackers are were viewed as “low class” people who broke laws and were poor. They were not welcome in the colony. A greater number of Georgians who were not wealthy began asking for a voice in the government. This could not be done as long as Georgia belonged to Great Britain. Many other colonist were finding reason to want to become independent from Great Britain as well.

4. The Tension Builds The French and Indian War had created debt, and Great Britain needed money to pay soldiers to protect the colonies – so they began to tax the colonist. They also begin to pass strict laws and started enforcing old laws.

5. Paying For The War And The Soldiers The Navigation Act – colonist can only ship their goods on British ships (Britain's mercantilism policies) The Sugar Act – tax placed on sugar and molasses imported from the West Indies The Stamp Act – tax placed on newspapers, legal documents and license The Townshend Act – tax tea, paper, glass, and coloring for paints.

6. Resentment & Conflict 1. These taxes were imposed by the British parliament – WHO THE COLONIST COULDN’T EVEN VOTE FOR! 2. Colonists were supposed to be treated as British citizens – BUT IF ACCUSED OF SMUGGLING – THEIR HOMES COULD BE SEARCHED WITH NO WARRANT! 3. They could be brought before a British military court – AND FOUND GUILTY WITHOUT HAVING A TRIAL!

7. Anger Among the Colonist Northern colonies were much more angry with Great Britain than the southern colonies because they were effected more by the taxes. They imported everything! Also, most of the people from the north were actually born here and not in Great Britain (didn’t feel as loyal to the crown) because the northern colonies were older. In the North – contempt grows as Britain sends in more troops. In 1770, several British soldiers are booed and eggs are thrown at them in the streets of Boston. British soldiers opened fire killing 5 people and wounding 6. It became known as the Boston Massacre – and when other colonist heard about it – people began to rise up in rage.

8. And another thing… The East India Tea Company began to go bankrupt and Britain passed a law (The Tea Act 1773) that American colonist could only buy tea from them. In December, a group of Patriots, The Sons of Liberty, dressed up like Mohawk Indians, boarded 3 British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Bay. The “Boston Tea Party” infuriated the British.

9. The Intolerable Acts 1. Quartering Act: Required colonists to furnish barracks and supplies to British soldiers. 2. The Boston Port Act: Closed the Boston port until the damages from the Tea Party were paid. 3. The Administration of Justice Act: British officers could only be tried in Britain. 4. The Massachusetts Government Act: No town meetings unless the Royal Governor was in charge of them. 5. The Quebec Act: Canada was no longer part of the colonies.

10. It’s On… After the Intolerable Acts were passed, the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to boycott all British goods. Delegates from ALL of the colonies went EXCEPT GEORGIA. Georgia was very divided. Delegates threatened to invade Georgia. Finally, on April 19 th, 1775, the Massachusetts “middlemen” and British troops battled at Lexington and Concord. It was later described as the “shot heard around the world”. News of the battles spread quickly through the colonies. Colonial assemblies voted to raise militias and the war for American Independence began.

11. Lexington & Concord The Battles of Lexington and Concord signaled the start of the American Revolutionary war on April 19, 1775. The British Army set out from Boston to capture rebel leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Lexington as well as to destroy the Americans store of weapons and ammunition in Concord. The colonists were warned however, by riders including Paul Revere, that the British Army was approaching. Sam Adams and John Hancock were able to escape and the local militia was able to hide much of their ammunition and weapons. It was later described as the “shot heard around the world”. News of the battles spread quickly through the colonies. Colonial assemblies voted to raise militias and the war for American Independence began.

12. War Begins The Revolutionary War officially began with the battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. Who fired the first shots is still a mystery. These shots later became known as the “shots heard around the world”. Because it inspired a number of revolutions.

13. Did Georgian’s Care? Georgia was much younger than the other American colonies and didn’t have the history of self-government. Many people on the coast had also gotten wealthy trading with the British. Under Sir James Wright Georgians had grown wealthy and prospered. In the backcountry Georgians were more likely to want independence - however as events began to turn – even on the coast support for the “mother country” began to wane. Following the events at Lexington & Concord – a 2 nd Continental Congress was called. Georgia finally elects Lyman Hall to attend. http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/wars/Revolution/actsofwar.h tml http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/wars/Revolution/actsofwar.h tml Historians estimate that 20% or 1/3 of Georgians remained loyal to Britain.

14. Georgia Divided (Georgia divides into the…) Whigs (later Patriots) - Anti-British Georgians The Liberty Boys (A.K.A. The Liberty Brawlers) Part of the Sons of Liberty group in Boston, these Georgians met in taverns and came to represent the spirit of the Revolution. Tories (later Loyalists) - Supporters of Britain

15. The Second Continental Congress On May 10, 1775, the members of the Second Continental Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia. There were several new delegates including: John Hancock from Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and Benjamin Franklin from Pennsylvania. Georgia shows up with 5 representatives. The Second Continental Congress meeting started with the battle of Lexington and Concord fresh in their memories. The Second Continental Congress established the first militia as the Continental Army to represent the thirteen states. They also elected George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. They chose Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence.

16. Georgia Makes Other Colonies Mad Georgia was absent for the first few days but on May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall of Midway arrived in an unofficial capacity. The other colonies were furious with Georgia because it did not seem very supportive. Some members of Congress wanted to punish the youngest colony. Shortly there after, in July, Georgia decided to join the fight for Independence. Lyman Hall talks 4 other men from Georgia into attending the meetings in Philadelphia. The Liberty Boys imprisoned the Sir James Wright – a month later allowing him to escape to a waiting British battle ship.

17. Declaration of Independence On July 4 th, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. The names of three Georgians, Lyman Hall, George Walton, and Button Gwinnett – appeared on the left side of the document right below the famous John Hancock signature. Lyman Hall was the only signer to have been one of the original 5 men who went to the Second Continental Congress. First Part: 1. All men are created equal. 2. Everyone is born with certain rights that gov’t can’t take away – life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 3. Popular Sovereignty - Government gets it power from the people.  The people can do away with a government they no longer approve of.  Second Part Listed the grivances against the king.  It proclaimed “These united colonies are … Free Independent states.”

18. Georgians Suit Up or Leave Some Georgians still did not agree with the revolution and returned to Great Britain. The rest of Georgia joined the fight assembling militias and sending food and ammunition to the Continental Army. Patriots fired canons and staged a mock funeral for King George III.

19. Battle of Kettle Creek Early in 1779, Kettle Creek – Wilkes, County – Lt. Elijah Clarke led a force of Georgia patriots in an attack against British loyalists. Aided by South Carolina, the patriots scattered the Tories, killing the commander. This battle is said to have ended the British domination of Georgia.

20. Siege of Savannah During the fall of 1779, patriots aided by France, which had joined the American side – tried desperately to retake Savannah. An American army and a French fleet laid siege to the city for 3 weeks. After a fierce bombardment, the Americans attempted to take the city by storm. In a daring calvary charge, Count Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who had come to America to help the patriots, was killed. The attack failed. 1000 men were killed.

21. Let’s look at the famous Georgians… Button Gwinnett Dr. Lyman Hall Georgia Walton Elijah Clarke Nancy Hart Austin Dabney

22. Button Gwinnett Born in England. Wealthy merchant who bought St. Catherine’s island but lost everything. Colonel of a Georgia militia. Signed the Declaration of Independence. One of the most expensive signatures in the world. Killed in a duel by Lachlan McIntosh (George Walton’s best friend).

23. Dr. Lyman Hall Born in Connecticut and went to Yale to be a minister. Became a doctor and moved to Georgia. He was one of the earliest instigators of promoting independence from Britain. He was the first and only Georgian to initially show up to the Second Continental Congress. When Lyman Hall signed the Declaration of Independence, he was 52 years old-- twice as old as George Walton and over a decade older than Button Gwinnett.

24. George Walton Orphaned as a baby, he was raised by an uncle and apprenticed as a carpenter. He taught himself how to read and write and moved to Savannah to become a Lawyer. He was one of the original members of the Liberty Boys. He fought in the Battle of Savannah, his leg was broken by a canon ball and he was held captive by the British for 2 years until he was freed during a prisoner exchange. He was the Governor of Georgia, served as a US Senator and a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ga. He was guilty of playing a part in the duel between Lachlan McIntosh and Button Gwinnett.

25. Elijah Clarke Elijah Clarke was born and grew up in South Carolina, probably of Scottish-Irish parents. He was a poor, illiterate, backcountry man who had migrated into the ceded lands of Northwest Georgia. He eventually migrated to Wilkes County, Georgia and joined the militia shortly before the American Revolution broke out. Elijah Clarke received a wound while fighting Cherokees the same year that the Declaration of Independence was signed. He received another wound fighting the Creek the next year and then again fighting the Seminole in Florida. He first fought in the Revolutionary War serving Andrew Pickens and John Dooly at the Battle of Kettle Creek. After the war, he remained in the militia and fought Indians in Florida – where he attempted to start his own country called the Transoconee Republic. It lasted for 10 years and was finally absolved. Later on, he was rumored to be involved with new schemes over West Florida and the Yazoo Land Fraud, but in spite of all his dubious postwar pursuits, he died in 1799 still a revered hero.

26. Nancy Hart Little is known about the early life of Nancy Morgan Hart, but she is believed to have been born in North Carolina. She and her husband, Benjamin Hart, settled near Elberton in 1771. During the Revolutionary War the spying and other exploits of Nancy Hart, a fierce patriot, earned her a reputation for combativeness that the neighboring Cherokees named her “Wahatchee,” or “War Woman.” The most famous episode involved varying accounts about a group of Tories who invaded her home. She served food and liquor to catch them off guard, then killed one, wounded another and held the rest at gunpoint until her husband and neighbors arrived. Nancy Hart also lived in Brunswick and Clarke County. In 1853 the newly formed Hart County was named for her. It is the only county in Georgia named for a woman. Family lore states that a total eclipse of the sun occurred during Nancy Hart’s funeral in Kentucky.

27. Austin Dabney Private Austin Dabney was born in the late 1770’s in Wake County, North Carolina as a slave. He moved with his master Richard Aycock to Wilkes County. Dabney was sent to the army in his master’s place. He served as an artilleryman in the battle of Kettle Creek under Elijah Clarke. Austin Dabney got shot through his thigh with a musket ball and was saved by a white man named Giles Harris. After the war he worked for Harris family to repay Giles Harris for saving his life. Soon there after, Austin Dabney received 175 acres of land in Walton County, Georgia, a large sum of money and a pension for his services from the General Assembly. He moved the Harris family to the land, built a home for them there and sent the 3 Harris boys to school. He is buried at the Harris family plot on the property.

28. The Treaty of Paris (1783) Treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War on September 3, 1783. It was signed in Paris by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the independent nation of the United States of America. Britain agreed to remove all of its troops from the new nation. The treaty also set new borders for the United States, including all land from the Great Lakes on the north to Florida on the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. The United States agreed to allow British troops still in America to leave and also agreed to pay all existing debts owed to Great Britain. The United States also agreed not to persecute loyalists still in America and allow those that left America to return.

29. Articles of the Confederation The first constitution of the United States. The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. [1] Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid 1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781. Even if not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Indian relations. Nevertheless, the weak government created by the Articles became a matter of concern for key nationalists. On March 4, 1789, the Articles were replaced with the U.S. Constitution. [2][3] The new Constitution provided for a much stronger national government with a chief executive (the president), courts, and taxing powers. [1]Continental CongressAmerican Revolutionary Warnationalists U.S. Constitution [2][3]

30. The Constitution of 1777 Georgia's first attempt at constitutional government was initiated in April 1776 by the Provincial Congress called by the Georgia Trustees in response to a series of mass meetings held throughout the colony. This document provided a framework for the transition from colony to state. Soon after Georgia moved toward independence by accepting the Declaration of Independence, its first constitutional convention was organized. Completed in February 1777 and executed without having been submitted to voters for ratification, this constitution remained in effect for twelve years. It vested most governmental authority in a state legislative body, incorporated the separation of powers doctrine, and included a number of basic rights, such as the free exercise of religion, freedom of the press, and trial by jury.Georgia Trustees

32. The Articles of the Confederation is Not Working 1) Under the Articles there was only a unicameral legislature so that there was no separation of powers. 2) The central government under the Articles was too weak since the majority of the power rested with the states. 3) Congress, under the Articles, did not have the power to tax which meant that they could never put their finances in order. 4) In order to change or amend the Articles, unanimous approval of the states was required which essentially meant that changes to the Articles were impossible. 5) For any major laws to pass they had to be approved by 9 or the 13 states which proved difficult to do so that even the normal business of running a government was difficult. 6) Under the Articles, Congress did not have the power to regulate commerce which will cause competition between states as well as diplomatic issues

35. More Facts… Of the 55 delegates attending the Constitutional Convention, 39 signed and 3 delegates dissented. Two of America's "founding fathers" didn't sign the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson was representing his country in France and John Adams was doing the same in Great Britain. Of all the written national constitutions in the world, the U.S. Constitution is the oldest and shortest. The original Constitution is on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, it was moved to Fort Knox for safekeeping. More than 11,000 amendments have been introduced in Congress. Thirty three have gone to the states to be ratified and twenty seven have received the necessary approval from the states to actually become amendments to the Constitution. http://www.constitutionfacts.com/

36. Abraham Baldwin After writing the charter for the University of Georgia, Abraham Baldwin served as the college's first president from 1786 to 1801. In 1787 he was chosen as one of four Georgia delegates to the Constitutional Convention. During his long political career, Baldwin also served in the Georgia General Assembly, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the U.S. Senate.

37. William Few In 1787 William Few Jr. represented Georgia at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Subsequently, Few was a signer of the U.S. Constitution.