1. REVIEW Fibrous layer of the clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eye and is continuous with the white of the eye: A.Fundus B.Ciliary body C.Pupil D.Cornea E.Iris

2. REVIEW What eye structure is transparent biconcave, and focuses light on the retina: A.Conjunctiva B.Lens C.Vitreous body D.Aqueous humor E.Sclera

3. REVIEW Place where optic nerve fibers cross in the brain: A.Optic disc B.Retina C.Olfactory lobe D.Optic chiasma E.Cerebral cortex

4. REVIEW Photosensitive receptor cells of the retina: makes the perception of color possible: A.Rods B.Cones C.Optic disc D.Magakaryocytes E.Optic Chiasm

5. REVIEW Myopia A.Nearsightedness B.Farsightedness C.Astigmatism D.Strabismus E.Glaucoma

6. REVIEW Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx: A.Organ of Corti B.Semicircular canal C.Labyrinth D.Eustachian tube E.Oval window

7. REVIEW Nerve deafness occurring with aging: A.Vertigo B.Meniere disease C.Acoustic neuroma D.Presbycusis E.Otopyorrhea

8. REVIEW Tinnitus Means: A.Hearing loss occurring with old age B.Dizziness associated with nausea and sensations of whirling motion C.Ringing sound in the ears D.Dysphonia E.Aural discharge

9. REVIEW Snail-Shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear is the: A.Auricle B.Cochlea C.Auditory meatus D.Utricle E.Pinna

10. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 18

11. GLANDS Secrete hormones….chemical messengers Hormones bind to receptors on target tissues Endocrine glands secrete to the bloodstream Exocrine glands utilize ducts to the OUTSIDE of the body So…….Endocrine Glands are

12. Endocrine Glands Thyroid gland: secretes T3 and T4 (metabolism) Parathyroid glands: (4) secretes parathormone (mobilizes calcium from bones to bloodstream ) Adrenal glands (one pair): secretes steroids and corticosteroids Pancreas (islets of Langerhans): is both endocrine and exocrine (insulin, digestive enzymes) Pituitary gland: located in the sella turcica (the master gland) Ovaries & Testes Pineal gland: secretes melatonin (sleep, biological clock) Thymus gland: secretes thymosin (immune response in newborns )

13. Thyroid Adrenal glands Pancreas Pituitary gland Ovaries Testes Thymus gland Pineal gland Parathyroid Gland

14. THYROID GLAND

15. Thyroid gland Trachea Thyroid cartilage isthmus

16. tetraiodothyronine

17. 2 types of goiter Colloid nodule goiter Toxic nodule goiter Occur for no known reason or….. When the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough thyroid hormone.

18. A LITTLE LARGER……

19. EVEN LARGER……

20. AND…..YIKES

21. AND GUESS WHO SAVES THE DAY…..

22. GRAVES DISEASE

23. an autoimmune disorder The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormones Most common in women over 20…but may affect men as well GRAVES DISEASE

24. Also known as adult hypothyroidism Requires life long therapy Mucus-like materials accumulates under the skin s/s may include: Depression Fatigue Joint muscle pain Paleness or dry skin Thin brittle hair or fingernails Weakness Weight gain (unintentional) MYXEDEMA Myx/o - mucus

25. BEFORE AND AFTER….. Type II Hypothyroidism ….following proper treatment of hypothyroidism with desiccated thyroid.

26. Thyroid Parathyroid

27. Important for bone and teeth formation Muscle control Nerve functions Blood vessel dilation and contraction Blood clotting

28. Kidney Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

29. Two Glands in one…..

31. CUSHING SYNDROME Due to increased cortisol secretion Obesity Moon Face Buffalo hump (back of neck) May be due to an adrenal cortex tumor Or Lung or thyroid tumor Or Prolonged steroid usage

32. …..AND THEN THERE IS ATHLETICS http://www.businessinsider.com/how-baseballs-lenny-dykstra-became-a-bankrupt-shell-of-his-former-self-2010-1

33. ….ANOTHER SCENARIO IN DRUG ABUSE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XbDTprt7z4

34. ADDISON DISEASE Disease of the adrenal cortex Low levels cause malaise, weakness muscle atrophy, hypoglycemia, low blood pressure, dehydration Hyperpigmentaton of scars, skin folds and nipples Treatment is daily cortisone and intake of salts… Or synthetic aldosterone.

36. DIABETES MELLITUS

37. Pancreas Stomach islets of Langerhans

43. adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis hypothalamus

44. Adenohypophysis…anterior lobe Growth hormone GH, somatotropin STH, thyroid stimulating hormone TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, gonadotropic hormones…follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH and finally Prolactin PRL Neurohypophysis…..posterior lobe Antidiuretic hormone ADH (aka vasopressin) and Oxytocin OT Hypothalamus….the region below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland Controls the secretions by the pituitary gland

48. Phys/o - growing

49. Acr/o – Extremities

51. WORLDS TALLEST FEMALE 7’ 8.5” CHINADAILY.COM

52. WORLDS TALLEST MALE… 8’ 5” DAILYMAIL.COM

53. WORLDS SMALLEST MALE AND FEMALE MYREPUBLIC.COM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96fsIvmPQNM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRAxYqu6KNo&feature=relatedwww.youtube.com/watch?v=GRAxYqu6KNo&feature=related

54. Estr/o - femaleAndr/o - male

55. ….AND ONE MORE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2DSqtbxEpA