1. Human Trafficking By : Nur Khairunnisa

2. Definition  The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power, or a position of vulnerability, or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation -Serious Organize Crime Agency (SOCA)

3. A Working Definition:  In the simplest terms, human trafficking is the movement of a person from one place to another into conditions of exploitation, using deception, coercion, the abuse of power or the abuse of someone’s vulnerability - Serious Organize Crime Agency (SOCA)

4. Sex Trafficking Labour Trafficking Organ Trafficking Child Trafficking

5. Sex Trafficking Victims are often provided with false travel documents and an organized network is used to transport them to the destination country, where they find themselves forced into sexual slavery and held in inhumane conditions and constant fear

6. Men, women and children are engaged in agricultural and construction work, domestic servitude and other labour- intensive jobs. Labour Trafficking

7. This is when people are trafficked so that their organs can be sold to be used in transplants The health of victims, even their lives, is at risk as operations may be carried out in clandestine conditions with no medical follow-up. Organ Trafficking

8. Mohammad Saleem had his kidney illegally removed by an organ- trafficking in Gurgaon, India. “When I woke up after several hours, I felt a pain in my right side," Saleem recalled, sitting on a metal cot in a city hospital ward. "The men said, 'We have removed your kidney, and you better not breathe a word about it.'... How can I support my family now and bring home the bread? I cannot do heavy construction work now - I feel weak and dizzy all the time “ Saleem was the latest in a long list of poor laborers who had come to Gurgaon to work and lost their kidneys as a result. Police say they were victims of a major organ- trafficking racket based in the city for nearly a decade. http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2008/01/31/india_u ncovers_an_illegal_kidney_ring/

9. Child Trafficking Jan 26th 2013 | TONGZHOU Source : http://www.economist.com/news/china/21570762-curb-widespread-trafficking-abducted-children- officials-and-parents-are-turning-social

10. Types of Child Trafficking Forced labour Sexual exploitation Children in armed forces Child begging

11. Forced child labour refers specifically to children used for labour who are under the stipulated minimum age, usually 14 and the lowest. *UNICEF estimates that, in 2011, 150 million children aged 5–14 in developing countries were involved in child labour. *UNICEF = The United Nations Children's Fund http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficking_of_children the International Labour Organization reports that most child laborers - 60% - work in agriculture Forced labour

12. Sexual exploitation According to the International Labour Organization, sexual exploitation of children includes all of the following practices and activities: "The use of girls and boys in sexual activities remunerated in cash or in kind (commonly known as child prostitution) in the streets or indoors, in such places as brothels, discotheques, massage parlours, bars, hotels, restaurants, etc.“

13. "The trafficking of girls and boys and adolescents for the sex trade“ "Child sex tourism“ "The production, promotion and distribution of pornography involving children“ "The use of children in sex shows (public or private)” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficking_of_children

14. Children conscripted into the armed forces can then be used in three distinct ways: Direct roles in hostilities (combat roles) Supporting roles (such as messengers or spies) For political advantage (such as for propaganda purposes) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficking_of_children Children in armed forces

15. Child begging Forced child begging is a type of begging in which boys and girls under the age of eighteen are forced to beg through psychological and physical coercion Begging is defined by the Buffalo Human Rights Law Review as "the activity of asking for money as charity on the street. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficking_of_children

16. Root causes of Human Trafficking A lack of political, social and economical stability Situations of armed conflict and oppression Domestic violence and disintegration of the family structure Gender discrimination Lack of access to education and information A lack of public awareness of the dangers of trafficking

17. The Effects of Human Trafficking

18. Their sexual and reproductive health is not cared for, which can result in sexually transmitted diseases (ex. HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, syphilis), menstrual problems, miscarriages, forced or coerced abortions, and sterility. Lack of skills for independent living: - lack the basic skills necessary to live - They may not understand how to use national currency or the role of government agencies, police, the courts, or banks. Some may not be able to make: - inquiries, exercise choice, make purchases, grocery shop, and take public transportation.

19. various mental health effects : - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Depression - Disconnection from feelings and flat affect - Anxiety disorders - Self-blame - Hopelessness, helplessness - Nightmares – dreams of rapes, physical abuse - Spiritual disruption - Self-care issues -Sleeping issues http://restoreavoice.org/blog/physical-psychological-effects-of-sex-trafficking/

20. Where do the survivors go? Who helps them?

21. )The Trafficking Act has released significant federal dollars into local communities to develop such services, administered largely through the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) and the Department of Justice's Office on Violence Against Women (OVAW) and Office for Victims of Crime

22. Under the Trafficking Act, trafficking survivors can receive federal assistance for refugees, such as Medicaid, Refugee Cash Assistance, housing, Food Stamps and longer-term services, but only if they are willing to participate in the prosecution of the trafficker. (Human Right Quarterly, 2007)