1. H.I.P.P.O ing Documents H istorical Context: Analysis of ‘Historical Context’ involves connecting a document to specific historical events, to specific circumstances of time and place, and/or to broader regional, national, or global processes. Identifying the ‘Historical Context’ places the document within broader trends which are contemporary to the source. It might also connect the document across time to earlier and later eras, or across space to events happening in different places. I ntended Audience: Explain to the Reader who the author had in mind when he/she created the document. P urpose: Explain to the Reader why was the document created? P oint of View: Point of view is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. O utside Information: Explain to the Reader one piece of outside information that is not contained in the document (but is spurred from the document) and why it is important to that time period.

2. H.I.P.P.O ing Phrases in your Notebook/Essay H istorical context: “the historical context of this document is___________________.” I ntended Audience: “the author’s intended audience was ___________________” and “is shown by_______________.” P urpose: “the author’s purpose in writing was to ______________” and “is shown by______________.” P oint of View: “the author’s point of view in this document was ____________________” and “is shown by______________.” O utside Information: Make sure you use the Outside Information to Answer The Question (ATQ) within the time period!!!

3. Jonathan Edwards Revivalist Preacher who helped begin the First Great Awakening 1730-1743 Followers were known as “New Lights”. Preachers were known to create a deep sense of spiritual guilt in their congregation so they would feel the need for salvation. Preachers encouraged congregation to have a personal connection with their conversion; introspection. Key role in development of democratic thought and belief that information should be shared and unbiased – freedom of the press Created a larger demand for religious freedom Edwards was greatly influenced by enlightenment thinkers and science, specifically John Locke’s Two Treatises Concerning Government

4. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher, till an outlet is given; and the longer the stream is stopped, the more rapid and mighty is its course, when it is once let loose. It is true, that judgment against your evil works has not been executed before; the floods of God's vengeance have been withheld; but your guilt in the meantime is constantly increasing, and you are every day storing up more wrath; the waters are constantly rising, and growing more and more mighty; and there is nothing but the mere pleasure of God that holds the waters back, that are unwilling to be stopped, and press hard to go forward. If God should only withdraw His hand from the floodgate, it would immediately fly open, and the fiery floods of the fierceness and wrath of God would rush forth with inconceivable fury, and would come upon you with omnipotent power; and if your strength were ten thousand times greater than it is, yes, ten thousand times greater than the strength of the stoutest, sturdiest devil in hell, it would never be able to withstand or endure it. The bow of God's wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice points the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the arrow one second from being made drunk with your blood. Thus all of you that never had the great change of heart, by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; all of you that were never born again, and made new creatures, and raised from being dead in sin, to a new state, and never experienced light and life, are in the hands of an angry God.

5. However, you may have reformed your life in many things, and may have had religious feelings, and may keep up a form of religion in your families and secret prayer closets, and in your churches, it is nothing but His mere pleasure that keeps you from being this moment swallowed up in everlasting destruction. However, you may now be unconvinced of the truth that you now hear, in time you will be fully convinced of it. Those that were in similar circumstances as you are, are now gone and destruction came suddenly upon most of them; when they expected nothing to happen, and while they were saying, Peace and safety: now they see, that those things on which they depended for peace and safety, were nothing but thin air and empty shadows. The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some detestable insect, over the fire, detests you, and is dreadfully provoked: His wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be thrown into the fire; He eyes are too pure than to bear to have you in His sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in His eyes, than the most hateful venomous snake is in ours. You have offended Him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince: and yet, it is nothing but His hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell last night; that you were allowed to awake up again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you have not dropped into hell since you arose this morning, but that God's hand has held you up. There is no other reason to be given why you have not gone to hell, since you have sat here in this church, provoking His pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending His solemn worship. Yes, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you do not this very moment drop down into hell. O sinner! consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it apart; and you have no interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment.

6. H.I.P.P.O ing Phrases in your Notebook/Essay H istorical context: “the historical context of this document is_the First Great Awakening from 1730-1747 _.” I ntended Audience: “the author’s intended audience was __Edward’s congregation_” and “is shown by_the fact that this is a sermon he created for his congregation in Massachusetts_.” P urpose: “the author’s purpose in writing was to __help his congregation to salvation_” and “is shown by__his sermon repeating how angry and revengeful God is. __.” P oint of View: “the author’s point of view in this document was _God’s wrath is barely held back for those who are not saved_” and “is shown by__his perception that God’s wrath is only evident towards those who have not been born again___.” O utside Information: This sermon is one of many that created the title of “revivalist preacher” for Edwards where his followers became known as “New Lights.” He was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke. Edwards, along with Georg Whitefield, were responsible for spreading the ideas through the colonies that became known as the First Great Awakening.

7. Document B Source: Ship's List of Emigrants Bound for New England John Porter, Deputy Clerk to Edward Thoroughgood - Weymouth, the 20th of March, 1635 1. Joseph Hull, of Somerset, a minister, aged 40 years 2. Agnes Hull, his wife, aged 25 years 3. Joan Hull, his daughter, aged l5 years 4. Joseph Hull, his son, aged 13 years 5. Tristram, his son, aged 11 years 6. Elizabeth Hull, his daughter, aged 7 years 7. Temperance, his daughter, aged 9 years 8. Grissel Hull, his daughter, aged 5 years 9. Dorothy Hull, his daughter, aged 3 years 10. Judith French, his servant, aged 20 years 11. John Wood, his servant, aged 20 years 12. Robert Dabyn, his servant, aged 28 years 13. Musachiell Bernard, of Batcombe, clothier in the county of Somerset, 24 years

8. H.I.P.P.O ing Phrases in your Notebook/Essay H istorical context: “the historical context of this document is_the establishment of the English colonies in the New World _.” I ntended Audience: “the author’s intended audience was _the port who takes in the ship_” and “is shown by_the fact that it is the ship’s manifest_.” P urpose: “the author’s purpose in writing was to _show that families were travelling to the New England colonies_” and “is shown by_the manifest created__.” P oint of View: “the author’s point of view in this document was _to document the families travelling to the New World_” and “is shown by_the listing of families with ages on the manifest___.” O utside Information: The Puritans and many New England colonies were based on the stability created by families. Towns were very important in the New England colonies and families were also desired for the congregation