2. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 10 C H A P T E R

3. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Basic Model The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Economist use the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend.

4. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply The aggregate-demand curve shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price level.

5. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply The aggregate-supply curve shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level.

6. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 2 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate supply Aggregate demand Equilibrium output Equilibrium price level Copyright © 2004 South-Western

7. THE AGGREGATE-DEMAND CURVE The four components of GDP (Y) contribute to the aggregate demand for goods and services. Y = C + I + G + NX

8. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 3 The Aggregate-Demand Curve... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand P Y Y2Y2 P2P2 1. A decrease in the price level... 2.... increases the quantity of goods and services demanded. Copyright © 2004 South-Western

9. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect The Price Level and Net Exports: The Exchange-Rate Effect

10. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect A decrease in the price level makes consumers feel more wealthy, which in turn encourages them to spend more. This increase in consumer spending means larger quantities of goods and services demanded.

11. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect A lower price level reduces the interest rate, which encourages greater spending on investment goods. This increase in investment spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded.

12. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Net Exports: The Exchange-Rate Effect When a fall in the U.S. price level causes U.S. interest rates to fall, the real exchange rate depreciates, which stimulates U.S. net exports. The increase in net export spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded.

13. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift The downward slope of the aggregate demand curve shows that a fall in the price level raises the overall quantity of goods and services demanded. Many other factors, however, affect the quantity of goods and services demanded at any given price level. When one of these other factors changes, the aggregate demand curve shifts.

14. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift Shifts arising from Consumption Investment Government Purchases Net Exports

15. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Determinants of aggregate demand Change in price level will change AD from one point to another on the AD curve. AD will not Shift. Determinants of AD are the “other things” that can cause a shift or change in demand (AD shifters): 1.Changes in consumer spending If consumers decide to buy more, AD will shift to the right and vice versa. Factors affecting consumer spending are: a)Consumer wealth (financial and real): An increase in the real value of wealth prompts people to save less and buy more; AD shifts to RHS, and vice versa.

16. Copyright © 2004 South-Western b)Consumer expectations: When consumers expect their real incomes to increase, they spend more of their income. When they expect surging inflation in the near future, they will spend more before prices escalate, AD will shift to RHS, and vice versa. c)Household indebtedness: If households’ indebtedness rises beyond normal levels, consumers may be forced to consume less in order to pay interest and principle on their debt, and vice versa. d)Taxes: A tax rise reduces disposable income of the public and forces the public to buy less, AD shifts to LHS, and vice versa

17. Copyright © 2004 South-Western 2.Changes in investment spending An increase in investment spending shifts AD to the RHS, and vice versa. Changes in investment can be caused by changes in several factors, such as: a)Real interest rates: An increase in interest rates will lower investment spending, AD shifts to the LHS. Remember, we are not referring here to the interest rate effect resulting from a change in price level, but due to changes in money supply. b)Expected returns: higher expected returns will increase investment and AD shifts to the RHS, and vice versa. Expected returns are affected by:

18. Copyright © 2004 South-Western -Expectations about future business conditions. -Technology -Degree of excess capacity -Business taxes 3.Changes in government spending: An increase in G will shift AD to the RHS, and vice versa. 4.Changes in net export spending (unrelated to price level): A rise in net exports, will shift AD to the RHS and vice versa. Remember that these changes are not prompted by changes in price level. These are due to changes in other factors such as:

19. Copyright © 2004 South-Western National income abroad: Rising national incomes abroad encourages foreigners to buy more of our products, NX rises and AD shifts to the RHS. Exchange rates: Depreciation of the KD encourages Kuwait’s exports since Kuwait’s products become less expensive when foreign buyers can obtain more KDs for their currency. Conversely, dollar depreciation discourages buying imports in Kuwait because our KD can’t be exchanged for as much foreign currency.

20. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Price level Real domestic output, GDP CHANGES IN AGGREGATE DEMAND AD 1 AD 2 Aggregate Demand Can Increase

21. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Price level Real domestic output, GDP CHANGES IN AGGREGATE DEMAND AD 1 AD 3 …or Decrease Aggregate Demand Can Increase

22. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand, D 1 P1P1 Y1Y1 D2D2 Y2Y2

23. Copyright © 2004 South-Western THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE In the long run, the aggregate-supply curve is vertical. In the short run, the aggregate-supply curve is upward sloping.

24. Copyright © 2004 South-Western THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE The Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve In the long run, an economy’s production of goods and services depends on its supplies of labor, capital, and natural resources and on the available technology used to turn these factors of production into goods and services. The price level does not affect these variables in the long run.

25. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 4 The Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Price Level 0 Long-run aggregate supply P2P2 1. A change in the price level... 2.... does not affect the quantity of goods and services supplied in the long run. P Copyright © 2004 South-Western

26. THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE The Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve The long-run aggregate-supply curve is vertical at the natural rate of output. This level of production is also referred to as potential output or full-employment output.

27. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift Any change in the economy that alters the natural rate of output shifts the long-run aggregate-supply curve. The shifts may be categorized according to the various factors in the classical model that affect output.

28. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift Shifts arising Labor Capital Natural Resources Technological Knowledge

29. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 5 Long-Run Growth and Inflation Quantity of Output Y 1980 AD 1980 AD 1990 Aggregate Demand,AD 2000 Price Level 0 Long-run aggregate supply, LRAS 1980 Y 1990 LRAS 1990 Y 2000 LRAS 2000 P 1980 1. In the long run, technological progress shifts long-run aggregate supply... 4.... and ongoing inflation. 3.... leading to growth in output... P 1990 P 2000 2.... and growth in the money supply shifts aggregate demand... Copyright © 2004 South-Western

30. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run In the short run, an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy tends to raise the quantity of goods and services supplied. A decrease in the level of prices tends to reduce the quantity of goods and services supplied.

31. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 6 The Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply 1. A decrease in the price level... 2.... reduces the quantity of goods and services supplied in the short run. Y P Y2Y2 P2P2 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

32. Why the Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift Shifts arising Labor Capital Natural Resources. Technology. Expected Price Level.

33. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Why the Aggregate Supply Curve Might Shift An increase in the expected price level reduces the quantity of goods and services supplied and shifts the short-run aggregate supply curve to the left. A decrease in the expected price level raises the quantity of goods and services supplied and shifts the short-run aggregate supply curve to the right.

34. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 7 The Long-Run Equilibrium Natural rate of output Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply Long-run aggregate supply Aggregate demand A Equilibrium price Copyright © 2004 South-Western

35. Figure 8 A Contraction in Aggregate Demand Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply,AS Long-run aggregate supply Aggregate demand,AD A P Y AD 2 AS 2 1. A decrease in aggregate demand... 2.... causes output to fall in the short run... 3.... but over time, the short-run aggregate-supply curve shifts... 4.... and output returns to its natural rate. CP3P3 B P2P2 Y2Y2 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

36. TWO CAUSES OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Shifts in Aggregate Demand In the short run, shifts in aggregate demand cause fluctuations in the economy’s output of goods and services. In the long run, shifts in aggregate demand affect the overall price level but do not affect output.

37. Copyright © 2004 South-Western TWO CAUSES OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply A decrease in one of the determinants of aggregate supply shifts the curve to the left: Output falls below the natural rate of employment. Unemployment rises. The price level rises.

38. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 10 An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Aggregate demand 3.... and the price level to rise. 2.... causes output to fall... 1. An adverse shift in the short- run aggregate-supply curve... Short-run aggregate supply,AS Long-run aggregate supply Y A P AS 2 B Y2Y2 P2P2 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

39. The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply Stagflation Adverse shifts in aggregate supply cause stagflation—a period of recession and inflation. Output falls and prices rise. Policymakers who can influence aggregate demand cannot offset both of these adverse effects simultaneously.

40. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply Policy Responses to Recession Policymakers may respond to a recession in one of the following ways: Do nothing and wait for prices and wages to adjust. Take action to increase aggregate demand by using monetary and fiscal policy.

41. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 11 Accommodating an Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Price Level 0 Short-run aggregate supply,AS Long-run aggregate supply Aggregate demand,AD P2P2 A P AS 2 3.... which causes the price level to rise further... 4.... but keeps output at its natural rate. 2.... policymakers can accommodate the shift by expanding aggregate demand... 1. When short-run aggregate supply falls... AD 2 C P3P3 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

42. Summary All societies experience short-run economic fluctuations around long-run trends. These fluctuations are irregular and largely unpredictable. When recessions occur, real GDP and other measures of income, spending, and production fall, and unemployment rises.

43. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Summary Economists analyze short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. According to the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the output of goods and services and the overall level of prices adjust to balance aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

44. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Summary The aggregate-demand curve slopes downward for three reasons: a wealth effect, an interest rate effect, and an exchange rate effect. Any event or policy that changes consumption, investment, government purchases, or net exports at a given price level will shift the aggregate-demand curve.

45. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Summary In the long run, the aggregate supply curve is vertical. The short-run, the aggregate supply curve is upward sloping.

46. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Summary Events that alter the economy’s ability to produce output will shift the short-run aggregate-supply curve. Also, the position of the short-run aggregate- supply curve depends on the expected price level. One possible cause of economic fluctuations is a shift in aggregate demand.

47. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Summary A second possible cause of economic fluctuations is a shift in aggregate supply. Stagflation is a period of falling output and rising prices.