1. GPUs (Graphics Processing Units)

2. Information from Textbook Online Appendix C includes information on GPUs Access online resources from: – http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124077263/app endices.php http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124077263/app endices.php – Free access to PDFs

3. Intro to GPUs Highly parallel, highly multithreaded multiprocessor – 100’s of cores and 1000’s of threads Support real-time interaction with graphics, images, and videos

4. VGA Graphics In the past, computers did not have a GPU Graphics performed by Video Graphics Array (VGA) controller – Memory controller and display generator connected to DRAM Used to be connected to PCI bus, now on PCI-Express link By 1997, VGA controllers began incorporating 3D acceleration functions – Rasterization, texture mapping, shading

5. Graphics Processor In 2000, GPUs incorporated most details of high-end workstation graphics pipeline GPUs became more programmable and more precise GPU instructions added to support general purpose programming languages – E.g. C/C++ New GPUs with double the performance are being developed every 12-18 months

6. GPU Evolution Underlying pipeline stages are less specialized and more programmable Became more parallel with massively multicore designs

7. OpenGL and DirectX Models of graphics processing OpenGL – Open standard for 3D graphics programming – https://www.opengl.org/about/ https://www.opengl.org/about/ DirectX – Series of Microsoft multimedia programming interfaces – https://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/windows/apps/hh465149.aspx https://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/windows/apps/hh465149.aspx – https://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/windows/desktop/ee663279(v=vs.85).aspx https://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/windows/desktop/ee663279(v=vs.85).aspx

8. CPU Computing Large amount of parallel, floating-point processing power is very attractive for solving non-graphics problems CUDA – Compute Unified Device Architecture SPMD (Single Program, Multiple Data) software style – http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda_home_new.html http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda_home_new.html – https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone Can handle graphics and computing – Visual Computing Applications

9. Graphics Processing Graphics logical pipeline (pg. C-10) Unified Processor Array (pg. C-10) Textbook case study: NVIDIA GeForce 8800 – Section C.7: pg. C-46

10. Example NVIDIA GPUs Tegra K1 SoC – http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc26/HC26-11-day1- epub/HC26.11-2-Mobile-Processors- epub/HC26.11.215-Tegra-K1-Ditty-NVIDIA- tegrak1.03.pdf http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc26/HC26-11-day1- epub/HC26.11-2-Mobile-Processors- epub/HC26.11.215-Tegra-K1-Ditty-NVIDIA- tegrak1.03.pdf Denver Processor – http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc26/HC26-11-day1- epub/HC26.11-2-Mobile-Processors- epub/HC26.11.234-Denver-Darrell.Boggs-NVIDIA- rev4.pdf http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc26/HC26-11-day1- epub/HC26.11-2-Mobile-Processors- epub/HC26.11.234-Denver-Darrell.Boggs-NVIDIA- rev4.pdf

11. Other References (For Fun) XBOX ONE – http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc25/HC25.10-SoC1- epub/HC25.26.121-fixed-%20XB1%2020130826gnn.pdf http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc25/HC25.10-SoC1- epub/HC25.26.121-fixed-%20XB1%2020130826gnn.pdf Google Glass (video online) – http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc25/HC25.25-keynote-2- googleGlass-epub/HC25.26.key2- Hot%20Chips%202013.pdf http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc25/HC25.25-keynote-2- googleGlass-epub/HC25.26.key2- Hot%20Chips%202013.pdf Intel 4 th gen. Core Processor (Haswell) – http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc25/HC25.80-Processors2- epub/HC25.27.820-Haswell-Hammarlund-Intel.pdf http://www.hotchips.org/wp- content/uploads/hc_archives/hc25/HC25.80-Processors2- epub/HC25.27.820-Haswell-Hammarlund-Intel.pdf