1. P. Dornan, K. Long, 2 October, 2016 MICE, the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider

2. Contents: Muon accelerators for particle physics Ionization Cooling and MICE The Neutrino Factory The Muon Collider Conclusions

3. Muon accelerators for particle physics MICE, the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider

4. Opportunities: Lepton-antilepton collisions: – Multi-TeV Muon Collider with small footprint Critical issue: L > 10 34 cm -2 Neutrino beams for study of neutrino oscillation: – Neutrino Factory delivering high-energy ν e & ν μ beams Critical issue: muon rate of > 10 14 s -1 Search for charged lepton flavour violation: – Intense, well controlled muon beams Critical issues: – Extinction of signals arising from “Standard Model processes” Cross section measurement and search for sterile neutrinos: – Race-track muon storage ring has potential to allow: Precise measurement of ν e N cross sections Study of LNSD/MiniBOONE anomolies

5. Muon Collider 4D 6D 10 GeV to 25 GeV 50 GeV to > 4 TeV

6. Critical issues: High-power (multi-MW), pulsed, proton source – And particle-production target to match Phase-space compression of muon beams: – Short muon lifetime requires novel technique: Ionization cooling: proof-of-principle experiment, MICE Rapid acceleration: – Exploit time dilation to suppress muon decay – Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Acceleration Novel magnet technology allows acceleration without magnet ramp Proof of principle: – EMMA: under study at the Daresbury Laboratory

7. EMMA at the Daresbury Laboratory – Electron Model of Muon Acceleration Aka: – Electron Model of Many Applications Installation complete; Commissioning underway First extracted beam: 15Mar11 Muon acceleration: proof of principle:

8. Ionization cooling and MICE MICE, the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider

9. Ionization cooling:

10. MICE: ISIS RAL MICE

12. University of Sofia, Bulgaria The Harbin Institute for Super Conducting Technologies PR China INFN Milano, INFN Napoli, INFN Pavia, INFN Roma III, INFN Trieste, Italy KEK, Kyoto University, Osaka University, Japan NIKHEF, The Netherlands CERN Geneva University, Paul Scherrer Institut Switzerland Brunel, Cockcroft/Lancaster, Glasgow, Liverpool, ICL London, Oxford, Daresbury, RAL, Sheffield, Strathclyde, Warwick UK Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Chicago Enrico Fermi Institute, Fermilab, Illinois Institute of Technology, Jefferson Lab, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UCLA, Northern Illinois University, University of Iowa, University of Mississippi, UC Riverside, Muons Inc. USA MICE collaboration:

13. Status of MICE: Target Upstream beam line MICE Local Control Room Decay solenoid Downstream beam line Linde refrigerator Instrumentation in place: Beam profile monitors Trigger/rate scintillators CKovA&B, TOF0,1, & 2, KL, EMR

15. Complete. paper in preparation Step I: – Characterization of beam complete: MICE Muon Beam delivers range of momentum and emittance required by MICE Step IV: – Integration complete Q3 2012 – Running with a variety of absorbers scheduled for 1 year Break in running if ready to implement Step V – Implementation of Step V by Q2 2014 will allow Step V running before long ISIS shutdown [Aug14 to Feb15] Steps V and VI will be implemented starting at the end of Step IV data taking Staged implementation: Rayner, Oxf

16. Complete. paper in preparation Step I: – Characterization of beam complete: MICE Muon Beam delivers momentum and emittance required by MICE Staged implementation: Rayner, Oxf

17. Longer term development of the facility: MICE Hall and infrastructure unique: – Develop into the Ionization Cooling Test Facility Approved resources to support this provided through TIARA – TIARA is EC FP7 Preparatory Phase project: – UK contribution: To distributed accelerator R&D infrastructure in Europe – Via TIARA To international R&D effort to develop Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider MICE: – Will provide demonstration of 4D (transverse) cooling Essential to complete Neutrino Factory design Beyond MICE: – ICTF can be developed to host the demonstration of 6D ionization cooling that is required for the Muon Collider

18. The Neutrino Factory MICE, the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider

19. The Neutrino Factory: Multiplicity of channels Optimise discovery potential for CP and MH – Requirements: Large ν e (ν e ) flux – Detailed study of sub-leading effects (Large) high-energy ν e (ν e ) flux – Optimise event rate at fixed L/E – Optimise MH sensitivity – Optimise CP sensitivity CERN-2004-002 CP MH

20. θ 13 : Global analysis of oscillation data, including recent T2K and MINOS data, indicate evidence for θ 13 > 0 at 3σ Exciting new data! If confirmed, makes discovery of CP possible: – Almost certainly at Neutrino Factory – Increases motivation for precision determination of parameters and search for “non-standard effects” Fogli, Lisi, Marrone, Palazzo, Rotunno

21. International Design Study for the Neutrino Factory:

23. Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector (MIND): MIND: – Re-optimised sampling: Fe/Sci = 3 cm/2 cm – Cuboid immersed in 1 T dipole field More realistic field configuration in hand – Detector mass: Intermediate detector [3000—4000 km]:100 kT Far detector [7000—8000 km]: 50 kT

24. Neutrino Factory performance: Discovery reach at 3σ extends down to sin 2 2 θ 13 ~ 5 x 10 -5 – Should θ 13 to be shown to be > 0 before start of Neutrino Factory project: Re-optimisation of baseline: – 10 GeV muon energy serving a single 100 kTon MIND at a baseline of 2000 km gives excellent performance

25. The Muon Collider MICE, the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider

26. LHC discovers ‘tower of states’: – Require l + l – collider to ilucidate details No idea of SUSY mass scale: – Implies need option for multi-TeV l + l – collider l + l – at high energy: the surgeon’s knife! SUSY model 1 SUSY model 2

27. l + l – colliders: options: FNAL MAP Project 500 GeV – 1 TeV 500 GeV – 3 TeV (500 GeV) to 3—8 TeV

28. Muon Collider: basis of advantages: Muon mass: 106 Mev/c 2 Electron mass: 0.511 MeV/c 2 Consequences: – Negligible synchrotron radiation at Muon Collider: Rate  m -4 :  Muon Collider reduction factor: 5  10 -10 Compact, circular, accelerator Small energy spread Possible to preserve polarisation at ~30% level – Yields possibility to determine beam energy precisely (0.003%) using (g – 2) precession – Strong coupling to Higgs: Production rate  m 2 :  Muon Collider enhancement factor: 5  10 4 Large data set allows branching ratios to be measured Excellent mass resolution allows adjacent states to be resolved 100 pb -1

29. Conclusions MICE, the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider

30. Conclusions: Muon accelerators have the potential to: – Discover leptonic CP violation at the Neutrino Factory – Provide multi-TeV lepton-antilepton collisions at the Muon Collider – Search for charged-lepton flavour violation Critical issues: hardware R&D already underway: – Demonstration of ionization cooling [MICE] – Rapid acceleration [EMMA] UK leadership: – International Design Study for the Neutrino Factory – MICE at RAL – EMMA at DL Scientific imperative: – Make muon accelerators and option for particle physics Strategic imperative: – Exploit leadership position: Through successful implementation of MICE, develop the world’s Ionization Cooling Test Facility on ISIS at RAL Through successful exploitation of EMMA, develop world-leading position in rapid and compact acceleration through the FFAG technique