1. Soil and Water

2. Soil – an abiotic factor Soil quality is based on: 1. Soil profile / Horizons 2. Composition 3. Texture 4. Particle size 5. Permeability 6. pH level

3. 1. Soil Profile / Horizons

4. 1. Soil Profile / Horizons - Horizons – layers of soil. Horizon A - Topsoil (humus, clay, minerals) most animals live here. Nutrient rich Horizon B- Subsoil – little humus Horizon C - Parent material Bedrock Litter – loose layer of plant remains

5. Soil – an abiotic factor Soil quality is based on: 1. Soil profile / Horizons 2. Composition 3. Texture 4. Particle size 5. Permeability 6. pH level

6. 2. Soil Composition A mixture of : Rock particles Minerals Decayed organic material (humus) Air water

7. 2. Soil Composition - continued - Sand, silt, and clay come from weathered bedrock. ***The combination of this affects the type of plants that can grow and what animals can live in it. *** http://school.discovery.com/schooladv entures/soil/recipe_soil.html

9. Soil – an abiotic factor Soil quality is based on: 1. Soil profile / Horizons 2. Composition 3. Texture 4. Particle size 5. Permeability 6. pH level

10. 3. Soil Texture - Depends on size and proportions of soil particles in soil. 4. Particle Size – Particle size range from coarse sand to fine sand to silt and the smallest particle called clay. Particles larger than 2mm are called gravel.

11. Soil – an abiotic factor Soil quality is based on: 1. Soil profile / Horizons 2. Composition 3. Texture 4. Particle size 5. Permeability 6. pH level

12. 5. Soil Permeability – Open spaces in soil that allows water drainage. The closer packed the less permeable.

13. Soil – an abiotic factor Soil quality is based on: 1. Soil profile / Horizons 2. Composition 3. Texture 4. Particle size 5. Permeability 6. pH level

14. Soil pH 0 to 67 8 to 14 Acid Neutral Base / Alkaline 6. pH level – Soils range from basic to acidic. Most plants grow with pH between 5 and 7. (Lime – an alkaline fertilizer that can be added to make soil more basic).

15. Soil

17. Everything in an ecosystem depends directly or indirectly on the soil…….. Soil quality - maintains the ecosystem. If it changes it changes the life forms. LOAM – Perfect soil with just the right amt. of clay, sand, silt, and humus.

18. Intermission 1.A mixture of rock particles, minerals, and decayed organic material, air, and water. _________ 2.Most plants grow with pH between ___________. 3.Most animals live in this layer of soil. 4._________ maintains the ecosystem and affects the life forms.

19. Intermission 7. The size of soil particles affect the soil __________. 8. The layers of soil. _________ 9. Decayed organic material in the soil. _______ 10. The smallest particle of soil._____

20. Erosion - Soil Deposition

21. Definitions to Know Erosion – The process natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another. Deposition – Where erosion “deposits” or lays down sediment some where else. Sediment – Material moved by erosion. Landslides – Rock and soil slide quickly down a steep slope.

22. Flood Plain – The flat wide area of land along a river. Groundwater – Underground water that helps to shape the land. Erosion and Deposition Facts 1. Deposition Changes shape of land 2. Deposition occurs where agents of erosion, such as wind and rain, lay down sediment. 3. Weathering, erosion, deposition work to build up and wear down the Earth’s surface 4. Heavy rains cause erosion 5. Road builders cutting highways through hills or mountains is a main cause of landslides.

23. Flood Plain – The flat wide area of land along a river. Groundwater – Underground water that helps to shape the land. 6. The amount of water can add to a mudflow 7. Runoffs carry soil with them and cause erosion 8. Affects the amount of runoff in an area: 1. Amt. of rain, 2. Amt. of vegetation, 3. Type of soil, 4. Shape and slope of the land, 5. How people have used and developed the land

24. Gravity causes mass movement such as landslides, mudslides, slump and creep.

25. The Dust Bowl Weathering and erosion led to the devastation of the mid-west. The sediment of good soil was moved to other areas and the farmland was barren. (Deposition) We need to practice soil conservation!!

27. Deltas are formed by deposition.

28. Weathering and Erosion Moving water has shaped most of the Earth’s land.

30. Water – an Abiotic Factor

34. 1. Floodplain 2. Delta 3. Drainage Basin (Watershed)

35. Flood Plain A flat area of land along a river. –Advantage – when it floods and recedes it leave fertile land. –Disadvantage – risk of major damage from flooding.

36. Delta - form where river ends into still body of water.

37. Drainage Basin / Watershed Watershed - The land where water runs off into nearby waters such as streams, rivers, & lakes.

38. Terms to Know Tributary – a stream that flows into a larger stream. GroundWater – Underground water Runoff – Water moving over land carrying particles and can lead to erosion. Divide– The high ground between 2 drainage basins.

39. Zone of Aeration – water enters this unsaturated area. Zone of Saturation – Also known as groundwater, area where water has filled up the soil Water Table – Point at which groundwater is flowing through underground rocks. Permeable – soil and rock that allow the water to pass through

41. Aquifer – Underground rock with groundwater.

42. Divide, Floodplain, Watershed, and Groundwater

45. Locate : runoffs, tributaries, divide, and groundwater.

46. Water is important because… drinking, agriculture, animal habitats, and industry. hydroelectric power Recreation Sources of food and minerals (71% of earth is water and only 3% is usable)

47. Hartwell Dam – built for hydroelectric power.

48. A Watershed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJ63xGJ Y4pM

49. What is Runoff?

50. What is Groundwater?