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2. INTRODUCTION Bluetooth is wireless high speed data transfer technology over a short range (10 - 100 meters). Bluetooth Wireless Technology (BWT) was developed in 1994 at Ericsson in Sweden. Purpose – Originally it was build to eliminate the need for cable connections between PDAs and notebook PCs. Later the goals were to enable different devices through a commonly accepted standard for wireless connectivity.

3. BLUETOOTH Bluetooth Specifications are: Developed by: Jaap Haarsten and Sven Mattisson in Sweden Standard: IEEE 802.15 ISM Band Frequency: 2.4 GHz Range: 10 – 100 meters Channel Bandwidth: 1 Mbps Maximum Asymmetric Data Transfer Rate: 721 Kbps

4. BLUETOOTH TOPOLOGY BLUETOOTH TOPOLOGY  Depending on the type of connections established between various Bluetooth devices, 2 main topologies are as:- 1. PICONET TOPOLOGY, and 2. SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY  To any topology, there are 2 prime components:- 1. MASTER device 2. SLAVE device

5. 1. PICONET TOPOLOGY 1. PICONET TOPOLOGY A piconet consists of upto 8 -enabled devices. When piconet is established, one device sets up frequency- hopping pattern and other devices synchronize their signals to the same pattern. Primary Devices: Those devices which sets the frequency- hopping pattern. Secondary Devices: Those devices which get synchronized. Each piconet has a different frequency-hopping pattern.

6. PICONET TOPOLOGY (contd.) PICONET TOPOLOGY (contd.)

7. In Bluetooth, each piconet has 1 Master for establishment of piconet, and upto 7 Slave devices. Master’s Bluetooth address is used for defining frequency- hopping sequence. Slave devices use master clock to synchronize their clocks so as to hop simultaneously. For establishing piconet connection, other bluetooth devices in range are discovered by an inquiry procedure.

8. 2. SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY 2. SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY Scatternet consists of several piconets connected by devices participating in multiple piconet. Here, devices can be slaves in all piconets or master in one piconet and slave in other piconets. There is a ‘BRIDGE’ connecting 2 piconets which is also a slave in individual piconets.

9. SMART SENSOR NETWORKS SMART SENSOR NETWORKS Challenge: It is to ensure interoperability among various Bluetooth manufactures’ devices and to provide numerous applications. One such application is : WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN) Important features of WSN: Collaboration of network nodes during execution and Data Centric nature. Many smart sensor nodes scattered in the field collect data and send it to users via ‘gateway’ using multi-hop routes.

10. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN) WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN)  WSN consists of number of small devices equipped with a sensing unit, microprocessors, wireless communication interface and power source.  Two main operations performed by WSN are: 1. QUERING – Queries are used when user requires only the current value of the observation. 2. TASKING – More Complex operation Used when a phenomenon has to be observed over a large period of time.

11. WSN (contd.) Functions of gateway:-  Communication with sensor networks: Shortage Wireless Communication ; Discovery of smart sensor nodes  Gateway Logic: Controlling Gateway interface and data flow ; Providing uniform access to sensors  Communication with users: Communication over Internet, WAN, Satellite, etc.

12. Applications of Sensor networks  Military applications  Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition  Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection  Environmental applications Forest fire detection Flood detection and Precision agriculture  Health applications Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital Drug administration in hospitals

13. BLUETOOTH HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE  Bluetooth Hardware consists of 3 main functional modules: 2.4 GHz Bluetooth RF Transceiver Unit Link Management Unit Host Controller Interface o HOST CONTROLLER– Consists of a Digital Signal Processing part, having Link Controller(LC) & CPU Core.It interfaces to the Host environment. o LINK CONTROLLER - Consists of Hardware & Software parts to perform Base-Band Processing, and Physical layer Protocols. Also performs low-level digital signal processing to form connections.

14. BLUETOOTH HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE (contd.) BLUETOOTH HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE (contd.) CPU CORE – Helps Bluetooth Module to handle Inquires and filter page request (not involving host device). LINK MANAGER - LM software runs on CPU core. LM discovers other remote LMs and communicates to the via LMP (link manager protocols). Bluetooth Module also incorporates Higher-Level Software Protocols, governing the functionality and interoperability with other modules.

15. Bluetooth hardware architecture (contd.) Bluetooth hardware architecture (contd.)

16. COMMUNICATION WITH SMART SENSOR NODES Initialization of gateway and Bluetooth Inquiry Procedure. Discovery of Bluetooth device and Checking of major and minor devices. Setting of parameters and assigning type of devices and sensors. Description by Service-Class Field. Discarding of non-smart nodes. Else, service database of the discovered smart node is searched for sensor services. If no current sensor profile, then database is searched for serial port connection parameters. Lastly, Bluetooth link is established and data exchange with smart node starts.

17. CONCLUSION Applications of sensor networks Factors influencing sensor network design − Fault tolerence − Scalability − Data processing − Production cost − Transmission medium Communication architecture of sensor networks

18. REFERENCES G.I.Pottie, W.J.Kaiser “Wireless Integrated network sensors”, Communications of the ACM, May 2002. C.Shen, C.Srisathapomphat “sensor networking architecture and application”, IEEC personal communication. Aug,2001.

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