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2. + Classical Conditioning Learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus Learning procedure

3. + Stimulus and Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): event that leads to a certain, predictable response usually without any previous training Unconditioned Response (UCR): reaction that occurs naturally and automatically when the US is presented (a reflex) Conditioned Stimulus (CS): once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an US Conditioned Response (CR): the learned reaction to a CS

4. + Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR The overhead in Tom's lab has a short circuit and gives him a shock every time he touches it. After a while Tom hesitates every time he is about to touch the overhead. To stop bad habits, it is sometimes recommended that you put a rubber band around your wrist and snap it every time you notice yourself doing that behavior.

5. + Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR When you are in gym class, you get hit in the head repeatedly with a basketball. Soon you develop an aversion to not only basketball, but volleyball and football as well. There are two people you know who you always see together. One day, you see one of them by himself, and he comes up to you and punches you in the nose. Later you see the other one by himself, and you decide to turn around because you are afraid.

6. + Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR Your dog gets sick and requires several painful trips to the vet. Now he hides every time he hears you rattle your keys Every time you take your kids out in the car, you drive through McDonalds and get dinner. Now whenever you drive by McDonalds your kids get hungry. You always do your homework on your desk. After a very hard semester, you find that sitting at your desk depresses you

7. + More Examples Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen Your significant other often yells at you and makes you feel bad. Pretty soon you can't stand the look of that person and dump them. You meet another person who wears the same cologne/perfume. Although they seem nice, you just can't seem to get along with them.

8. + Even More Examples Whenever you watch a scary show, you always have a big bowl of popcorn. Now you find that just having a bowl of popcorn makes you feel scared. Later your scary show is canceled, and you start eating popcorn while watching New Girl. Now the popcorn makes you feel happy.

9. + Classical Conditioning Generalization: responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of a circle; dog responding similarly to an oval Dentist drill Discrimination: the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli Pavlov got the dog to only salivate at the sight of a circle and not an oval

10. + Classical Conditioning Extinction: gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS Tuning fork without food and eventually dog didn’t salivate Car accident Spontaneous Recovery: following rest period, CR may reappear when CS is presented again but not followed by a UCS

11. + Classical Conditioning Taste Aversion: develop a negative reaction to a food based on previous experience

12. + Human Behavior O. Hobart and Mollie Mowrer solve the problem of bed- wetting Little Albert Case Study p. 249 Was this ethical? Value of research vs. methods used?

13. + Behaviorist Theory Behaviorism: attempt to understand behavior in terms of relationships between observable stimuli and observable responses. Behaviorists: psychologists who study behaviors that they can observe and measure Action instead of thought

14. + Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning: 250-252 Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of behavior What is the main difference between operant and classical conditioning? Reinforcement: stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated B.F. Skinner and the Skinner Box Positive Reinforcement: something desired added after an action Negative Reinforcement: something unpleasant taken away if subject performs action

15. + Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer: one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep Secondary Reinforcer: one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value and the ability to reinforce. Chimps and poker chips! Money, praise, status, prestige

16. + Schedules of Reinforcement: 253- 255 Continuous Schedule: behavior is reinforced every time it occurs Partial Schedule: positive reinforcement occurs intermittently Ratio (Number)Interval (Time) Fixed Schedules: Predictable Fixed Ratio: reinforcement after a fixed number of responses Fixed Interval: reinforcement of first response after a fixed amount of time has passed Variable Schedules: Unpredictable Variable Ratio: reinforcement after varying number of responses Variable Interval: reinforcement of first response after varying amounts of time

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20. + Aversive Control: influence behavior by unpleasant stimuli (256-258) Negative Reinforcement: painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed Stone in your shoe Escape Conditioning: remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus Complaining and crying about liver! Avoidance Conditioning: prevent occurrence of unpleasant stimulus Complaining and crying when liver is taken out of fridge! Punishment: behavior that is punished decreases Unwanted side effects? Avoidance

21. + Operant or Classical? Operant Conditioning or Classical Conditioning? In groups of 3, determine if each scenario is operant or classical conditioning. If it is operant, identify which type of consequence was responsible for the behavior change (positive/negative reinforcement; positive/negative punishment). If it is classical, identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR.