2. In 1900, Ehrlich (father of chemotherapy) described his famous side chain theory of antibody formation, proposing that antigens bind to pre-existing side chains on the cell surface, stimulating the synthesis of additional side chains that are then secreted into the extracellular fluid to neutralise the instigating antigen. He described these antibodies as “magic bullets” in search of toxins. In 1910, Ehrlich achieved a breakthrough with compound 606. The yellow substance which Ehrlich called Salvarsan was an effective and reliable agent against Trypanosomes

3. Liposomes were first described by British haematologist Dr Alec D Bangham( father of liposome) in 1961 (published 1964), at the Babraham Institute, in Cambridge. They were discovered when Bangham and R. W. Horne were testing the institute's new electron microscope by adding negative stain to dry phospholipids. This was resemblance to the plasma lemma, and the microscope pictures served as the first real evidence for the cell membrane being a bilayer lipid structure. He gave name to them firstly ‘Smectic mesophases ‘ which means layer lattices of alternating, closed bimolecular lipid sheets intercalated by aqueous spaces.

4. Then, liposome designation was given by Weismann and G. Sessa in 1968. This name is derived from 2 greek words- lipo meaning fat and soma meaning body. Since that time, the utility of liposomes has been recognized across a wide variety of fields, from medicine to cosmetics.

5. FIRST MARKETED PRODUCTS The first liposomal oncology drugs approved for medical use in liposomal form are of the anthracyclines daunorubicin (DaunoXome; Nexstar Pharmaceuticals) and DOX [Doxil; Alza Corporation]. DaunoXome is formulated as a conventional liposmes whereas Doxil is an Stealth liposomal formulation

6. Genesis (1968-75) The physiochemical characterization of liposomes had been carried out in this period. Moreover, thin lipid film hydration method had been developed to prepare multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). Liposomes were widely used to study the nature of biological membrane because of close resemblance of bilayered membrane with the biological membrane.

7. Middle Age (1975 – 85) Liposome’s utility was improved following basic research that increased the understanding of their stability and interaction characteristic within the system. This period also dealt with the discovery of various alternative methods for the preparation of liposomes. Also, due to the availability of vast knowledge about the physio- chemical properties of liposomes, their behaviour within the body, their interaction with the cells, attempts had been made to improve their performance as drug carrier systems.

8. Modern Era (1985 onwards) Today, liposomes are used successfully in various scientific disciplines, including biophysics (properties of cell membranes and channels), chemistry (catalysis, reactions), colloid science (stability, thermodynamic of finite systems), biochemistry (function of membrane proteins) and biology (excretion, cell function, trafficking and signalling, gene delivery and function).

12. 1)oleic acid 2) Dodecyl sulphate 3) dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride

23. MAJOR MILESTONES IN HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT First observation of liposomes- Alec D.Bangham Liposome name given by- Weismann and G. Sessa Firstly, Cholesterol is added for physical stability- Yatvin and Lelkes Stealth liposomes first discovered by- Gabizon et al. Proliposomes first prepared by- Payne et al. Liposomes firstly used for chromatography- Lundahl & Yang Liposomes firstly used for transfection- Akao and Osaki Immunomodulatory properties of liposomes first discovered by- Allison and Gregoriadis

24. PSORISOME ® Gel is a pale-yellow semisolid liposomal gel, containing Dithranol I.P. microencapsulated in vesicular form. It is first-ever commercial anti-psoriatic liposomal product in the entire pharma world for topical application PSORISOME ® Gel has been developed at UIPS, Punjab University, India. This gel was patented vide Indian Patent Application No. 610/DEL/2005 dated 21.03.2005.

25. Coal-tar has been entrapped inside lipid based self-assembled systems at micro and nano-range. These carrier systems transport drug safely and effectively to the desired site and also provide conducive micro- environment for better drug receptor interaction at various targets. Entrapment of coal-tar within these assemblies helps in interaction of phospholipids with the skin as it provides the fully hydrated conditions and enlarged molecular surface area with enhanced interface. The design and chemical composition of the system also takes care of rheological nature of the system by not allowing the drug to spread towards the uninvolved native tissue.

26. SOME RESEARCH WORK AT UIPS,PU,CHD. 1. Synergistic liposomal tamoxifen composition for topical application and method of preparing thereof. 2.Characterization and Evaluation of Benzocaine Phospholipid-Tagged Lipospheres for Topical Application 3.Design, Development and Optimization of Nimesulide-Loaded Liposomal Systems for Topical Application

27. Vision is perhaps our greatest strength.. it has kept us alive to the power and continuity of thought through the centuries; it makes us peer into the future and lends shape to the unknown. - Li Ka Shing Vision is perhaps our greatest strength.. it has kept us alive to the power and continuity of thought through the centuries; it makes us peer into the future and lends shape to the unknown. - Li Ka Shing