1. 1.On a piece of blank paper, make a list of everything you have eaten for lunch, dinner and breakfast. (Water and sugarless products do not count ) 2.If you had a peanut butter and jelly sandwich with a glass of milk, it would be: bread jelly peanut butter milk

2. What do all living things need?

3. Energy! All living things need a constant flow of energy

4. 3.In groups of 4, construct a food pyramid that has four levels and label the levels: 1.Producer 2.Primary Consumer 3.Secondary Consumer 4.Top Consumer 5. On the piece of paper where you wrote down all the foods you ate, next to them, write down what trophic level they are.

5. Primary Consumer Producer Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Herbivore Place these terms into the area on the pyramid where you feel they belong

6. Producers Plants Primary Consumers Herbivores Secondary Consumers Carnivores Top Consumers Decomposers Fungus & Bacteria Primary Consumer Producer Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Herbivore

7. 4.Using a different color marker per person, put your list onto the group pyramid. 5.Each member of your group should do the same 6.Have a key indicating by color, who ate what on your pyramid

8. Milk comes from a cow – Primary consumer These are all plant products - Producers Tuna eat fish that eat smaller fish that feeds on plankton

9. Where on the Food Pyramid did most of your food end up?

10. From where did the producers get their energy?

11. By what process do the producers capture solar energy & convert it into a usable form for all living things?

12. Chapters 8 & 9: Photosynthesis & Respiration Aka: Energetics

13. Photosynthesis Process by which green plants or organism with chlorophyll, convert light energy into chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrates (glucose)

14. Autotrophic – –Can transfer energy to produce food – can synthesize food –Plants, some bacteria & protists Heterotrophic – –Must obtain energy from preformed food – need to eat food –Fungus, all animals, some bacteria & protists

15. What is needed for autotrophs to photosynthesize? Carbon dioxide (atmospheric) Water (in the soil or air) Sunlight (or artificial light source) Chlorophyll (present in leaves and sometimes stems) Enzymes (to regulate the rate of the reaction) Chlorophyll

16. Experiments that lead to our understanding of Photosynthesis Van Helmont (1600’s) Experiment w/ potted plant to determine what a plant uses to grow. Conclusion: Water is necessary for plant growth

17. In his words I took an earthen pot and in it placed 200 pounds of earth which had been dried out in an oven. This I moistened with rain water, and in it planted a shoot of willow which weighed five pounds. When five years had passed the tree which grew from it weighed 169 pounds and about three ounces. The earthen pot was wetted whenever it was necessary with rain or distilled water only. It was very large, and was sunk in the ground, and had a tin plated iron lid with many holes punched in it, which covered the edge of the pot to keep air-borne dust from mixing with the earth. I did not keep track of the weight of the leaves which fell in each of the four autumns. Finally, I dried out the earth in the pot once more, and found the same 200 pounds, less about 2 ounces. Thus, 164 pounds of wood, bark, and roots had arisen from water alone." (rewritten by Howe 1965)

18. Experimented w/ candle, plant & jar. Conclusion: Plants produce oxygen that is necessary for the candle to stay lit. Priestley (1771)

19. Repeated Priestly’s experiment but put plant in darkness with candle. Conclusion: Light is needed for photosynthesis & oxygen production. Ingen-Housz (1779)

20. Are you ready for Photosynthesis? Let’s get into this!!!!! Let’s get into this

21. General formula for Photosynthesis CO 2 +H 2 O (w/chlorophyll & enzymes) + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + H 2 O

22. This process actually occurs in 80 chemical reactions Oxygen

23. Where in a plant does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll Chloroplasts ThylakoidsChloroplasts are oval structures consisting of stacked grana (Thylakoids - photosynthetic membranes) stroma granaand a liquid called stroma. Chlorophyll is found in the stacked grana

24. Main photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b Other pigments in plastids are accessory pigments to absorb all the wavelengths of light

25. So what is light? White light Color depends of which wavelength is being reflected. So if a leaf is green, green light or wavelengths are being reflected and all other colors are being absorbed. If black, all the wavelengths (or colors) are being absorbed, reflecting nothing. Absorbed wavelengths become energy (heat or kinetic).

31. lovered blue green yellow Plants just love red and blue light. They don’t utilize much green or yellow

33. Why do leaves change color in the fall ? Since chlorophyll a & b are the least water soluble pigments, they break down first when water is sparse. carotenoidscyaninsxanthophyllsThis leaves the other pigments like the carotenoids, cyanins and xanthophylls to remain longer until they break down.

34. What happens to the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll of the plants? Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).The energy will be stored in the bonds of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). 3 phosphate groups Ribose Adenine

35. ATPATP is made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATPtemporary energy storageATP acts as temporary energy storage. ATPYou make and breakdown ATP molecules constantly. energy ATP ADP + P + energy = ATP ATP like: cash in your pocket Think of ATP like: cash in your pocket Glucose: like an ATM card Glycogen: like your savings account Lipids: like a Savings Bond or Stocks Proteins: are the bank building. You only get energy out of them if you burn the bank

36. High Energy bond. energy This is where the energy from the sun is being stored in the chlorophyll molecules energy When broken, energy will be released.

37. ATP ATP ADP + P ATP When energy is added to ADP, the 3 rd phosphate group is added to ADP to make ATP. ATP When the 3 rd phosphate group is removed, ATP becomes ADP + P and energy is released

38. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 major steps 1.Light Reaction 1.Light Reaction – occurs only in the presence of light. –Occurs in the grana (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts –Also known as Photolysis because light is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygenPhotolysis

40. Light Dependant Reaction This one is my favorite!

41. 2.Calvin Cycle Light Independent rxn 2.Calvin Cycle (Light Independent rxn)– can occur in light or darkness. Follows light reaction –Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts CO 2 hydrogens energy ATP and NADPH –Also known as Carbon fixation because CO 2 will get “fixed up”, combined with the hydrogens and energy (ATP and NADPH) from the light reaction to produce Glucose

42. Glucose

43. The Steps in Photosynthesis THE LIGHT REACTION light energy chloroplast 1) The light energy strikes the leaf, passes into the leaf and hits a chloroplast inside an individual cell. chlorophyll grana’s thylakoids 2) The light energy, upon entering the chloroplasts, is captured by the chlorophyll inside a grana’s thylakoids. –Electrons are excited. NADPH & ATP are formed water oxygen 3) Inside the grana some of the energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. oxygen is released into the air 4) The oxygen is released into the air.

44. Summary

45. THE CALVIN CYCLE hydrogenNADPH stroma energy (ATP 5) The hydrogen (from NADPH) is taken to the stroma along with the grana's remaining light energy (ATP). 6) Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and passes into the chloroplast. energy ( (from carbon dioxide make carbohydrates. 7) In the stroma, the remaining light energy (ATP) is used to combine hydrogen (from NADPH) and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates. This occurs during the Calvin Cycle 8) The energy ­rich carbohydrates are carried to the plant's cells. 9) The energy ­rich carbohydrates are used by the cells to drive the plant's life processes.

47. Light Dependant Reaction This one is my favorite!

49. Great Summary of Photosynthesis & Respiration A good one Rap

50. Factors Influencing the Rate of Photosynthesis

51. Temperature As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increase up to an optimum temperature of about 37`C after which enzymes become denatured and there is a steady decrease in the rate of photosynthesis.

52. Light Intensity As the light intensity increases, there is a steady increase in the rate of photosynthesis up until a point where the rate will plateau. At this point, all electrons in the photosystems are in action and are bound to electrons carriers. The electrons carriers in the Electron Transport Chain can only carry so many electrons and no more.

53. CO 2 Concentration As the CO 2 concentration increases, there is a steady rate of increase and once again, there is a saturation point. This point occurs during the Calvin Cycle when all the CO 2 is bounded to the starting molecules (RuBP) in the Calvin Cycle.