1. WWW.ANDESTECH.COM Andes MID Introduction

2. Page 2 A NDES Confidential Content  Andes Introduction  Andes Linux Solution  Andes MID Software Stack  AndeShap™ AAP-AG101-MID Evaluation Board  The Software Development Methodology – AndeSight™ IDE  AndeStar™ ISA  AndesCore™ N1213 CPU

3. Page 3 A NDES Confidential About Andes  Founded on 2005/H1  Mission  Provide the best processor solution for SoC  Man power  Over 80% master  More than 200 man-year in embedded expertise  Products:  Processor-based SoC platforms and development tools  Technology strengths  CPU/DSP/SoC architecture  Media/Network processing  VLSI design  System verification  ESL methodology  Toolchains (compiler/assembler/linker, debugger)  Operating Systems  GUI design and SW engineering

4. Page 4 A NDES Confidential Milestones  Mar. 2005 :Company established  Oct. 2005 : Core team on board  Mar. 2006 : Andes ISA debut  Nov. 2006 : Linux booted on AndESLive  Nov. 2006 : Andes University Program kick-off  Jan. 2007 : Linux booted on AndesCore N12 FPGA  July 2007 : AndeSight/AndESLive v1.2 release  July 2007 : First AndesCore N1213-S release  Oct. 2007 : UMC130HS N1213 hardcore at ~600MHz  Apr. 2008 : AndeSight/AndESLive v1.3 release  July 2008 : 2008H1 revenue over NT 30 million  Aug. 2008: TSMC 90G N1213 hardcore at 660MHz  Dec. 2008: AndeSight/AndESLive v1.3.2 release

5. Page 5 A NDES Confidential Education & Training  Formal Curriculum designed for academy: colleges, universities, institutes  On-Job-Training learning materials and courses bounded educational program  Practical training materials include embedded design/SoC technology, ESL design methodology, and LAB tutorials  Ease-of-use Andes Technology tools, AndeSight & AndESLive, training courses

6. Page 6 A NDES Confidential Andes Linux Software Solutions INTC, DMA, TIMER, UART, LCD, TOUCH PANEL, SD, PCI, USB, MAC RTC, CF, GPIO, WDT, SPI, SSP, I2S, AC97, Wireless and so on Browser: Qt Webkit, Webkit/SDL, Dillo GUI: SDL, Nano-X, FLTK Toolkit: GTK+, glib, pango, cairo, blackbox, tk, ImageMagick Networking: wget, curl, lynx, samba, rdesktop, amsn, dropbear, openssh, boa Multimedia: fbv, madplay, mplayer, vlc, gstreamer, gnash, ALSA utility Utility: busybox, mtd, pkgconfig, opkg, tar, make, coreutils Script: bash, sed, awk, tcl, python, perl Middleware Device Drivers Applications Operating Systems Linux 2.4 and Linux 2.6 XFree86, Xorg, QT/Embedded VOIP, iaSolution JVM, Alvaview and III for Multimedia, Libraries Graphics: libjpeg, libpng, libtiff, libungif Audio: MP3, AAC, MP4, OGG, AMR, WMA Video: MPEG-1, MPEG-4, H.264, DIVX, XVID Utility: libz, libncurses, libSDL, libssl, libxml, libxslt, libcurl, libsqlite,libasound Andes Software Solution Stack

7. Page 7 A NDES Confidential Generic Linux Platform  Users seek for complete features to fully utilize the hardware performance  Difficult and time-consuming to debug or performance tuning  Andes architecture advanced functionalities  Reduce complexity on Andes platforms

8. Page 8 A NDES Confidential System Enhancement  Linux VIPT Cache Support  VIPT reduces cache flushing than VIVT  up to 26% boost in LMbench  Linux Context ID Support  CID tags virtual addresses to avoid the TLB flushing penalty between context switches  up to 40% boost in LMbench  Floating Point Emulation  Enhanced C compiler’s runtime FP support  up to 80% boost in LMbench

9. Page 9 A NDES Confidential Oprofile  System-wide profiler for Linux systems  Can profile all running code at low overhead  OProfile leverages CPU performance counters for wide variety of statistics  AndesCore™ supports 56 system events  Cycles, instructions, cache hits/misses, TLB accesses, branch predictions

10. Page 10 A NDES Confidential Kprobe  Kprobe enables dynamically break into kernel routine to collect information  Trap at kernel address with a handler routine kprobe can be inserted to any kernel instruction jprobe is inserted at the entry of a kernel function return probe fires when a specified function returns

11. Page 11 A NDES Confidential Andes MID Software Stack Linux Kernel & Libraries I/O and Network Drivers X11, Cairo, Pango, Matchbox, D-Bus, etc. QT/Embedded SSL SDL Application; Media Framework and Middleware Jblend (JVM) Window Manager VOIP Ethernet, WiFi, WiMAX, DHCP, DNS, Samba, TFTP Desktop App and Update Manager Codecs OpenGL ES Flash & PDF Mail Client Video Player Networking Music Player PIM OpenOffice E-book Reader Remote Control Image Viewer Remote Desktop eBooks Games Other Apps… Instant Messaging Skype GTK+ Gstreamer Linux 2.6 Applications 3rd-party Apps Middleware Webkit Chrome Mozilla Browser Opera Adobe Color: planning to be ported or implemented. Power Managers

12. Page 12 A NDES Confidential Tuned Performance on MID  Implement atomic operations in Glib  Asynchronize Xlib calls and improve Gtk+ theme engine for better performance and GUI effects  Drop unused functionality in shared libraries  Enable GCC Visibility to drop runtime code footprint  X Window  Lightweight X Window Server (Kdrive) and GTK+ based application  Eliminate latency and footprint in Xlib  Optimize generic nds32 specific code in Xserver  Webkit  NDS32 specific atomic operation implementation in WebKit  Optimize memory allocator  Internationalization support using IBM ICU project  nds32-target JIT compiler for JavaScript

13. Page 13 A NDES Confidential  58% performance boost!  reduce expensive fb internal operations  optimize ARGB8888 non-premultiplied over RGB565  Eliminate function parameter passing and memory usage overhead  optimize for sub-pixel anti-aliasing text  optimize color space conversion  reduce looping register pressure  data pre-fetch X Framebuffer Optimization

14. Page 14 A NDES Confidential AndeShape™ AAP-AG101-MID  AMBA 2.0 based AHB environment for new IP verification  High integration flexibility for bus extension  On-board 64MB SDRAM with one SODIMM slot  On-board 512KB Boot ROM with 32MB flash memory  On-board header for LCD plus touch screen module  15 on-board GPIO keypads  On-board 10/100 PHY and RJ45 connector  On-board T&MT interface connector for USB 2.0 PHY  On-board CF & SD slot, providing CF & SD/MMC card access  On-board AC97 & I2S codec, selected by switch  2 on-board UART interfaces with level- shifting on board for asynchronous serial data transfer  On-board Andes ICE interface for function debugging

15. Page 15 A NDES Confidential AndeShape™ Platform SoC –AG101 AndeScore TM Bus Controller Bus Controller MAC 10/100 MAC 10/100 USB2.0 LCD Controller LCD Controller SDRAM Controller SDRAM Controller DMA Controller DMA Controller SRAM Controller SRAM Controller PWM I2CI2C I2CI2C GPIO INTC WDT Timer RTC ST UART ST UART BT UART BT UART SSP CF I2SI2S I2SI2S SD/ MMC SD/ MMC Power Manager Power Manager AHB to APB Bridge AHB to APB Bridge AHB Bus APB Bus

16. Page 16 A NDES Confidential AndeSight ™ IDE An integrated environment for SW development with higher quality and lower cost in less time Architecture/ESL  Coding  Building  Debugging  Tuning  QA

17. Page 17 A NDES Confidential SoC SW Development Flow AndeSoft™ Target SW LibrariesOS/Kernel App DriversGeneric Drivers wareMiddle Application Layers Profiling/tracing data AndeShape™ AndesCore Bus Controller MAC 10/100 USB2.0 LCD Controller SDRAM Controller DMA Controller SRAM Controller PWMI2CI2CGPIOINTCWDTTimerRTC ST UART BT UART SSPCFI2SI2S SD/ MMC Power Manager AHB to APB Bridge AHB Bus APB Bus AndESLive™ Virtual SoC SoC based on AndesCore™ N9/N10/N12 build executables debug interactively Debugger and ICE Intf. Profiling Analyzer Virtual SoC Builder AndeSight™ IDE GNU C/C++ Compiler Linux/RTOS Libraries Automation Scripting Demo Examples Eclipse-Based GUI Existing or constructed virtual SoC On local PC or a PC on the LAN

18. Page 18 A NDES Confidential Code Development  An architecture or a CPU  Endian: big or little  Libraries:  A default virtual SoC is used with selected toolchain. Eclipse-based GUI: familiar look-and-feel Source code browsing Syntax coloring Language support: C/C++ Project toolchain selection: environmentLinuxelse size ratioglibcuclibcnewlib *.a runtime~2.51~0.4 *.so runtime~3.11NA *.so file size~3.01NA

19. Page 19 A NDES Confidential  Latest compiler performance:  Using a rich set of benchmarks for microcontroller, multimedia, communication, etc. 26% speed improvement 19% code size reduction 27% faster than A-company’s gcc  MP3/MPG4/H.264: 10~20% speedup and code size reduction  Facial recognition: 25% speedup Compilation Quality +26% -19%

20. Page 20 A NDES Confidential Compilation Quality  Major enhancement:  Address optimization for load/store/pointer and function calls Longer (19-bit) immediate in V2 implied-gp instructions enabling mostly 1 instruction load/store and pointer address calculation  Floating-point emulation library improvement  Intrinsic functions to enable more work in C: System functions: system register accesses, cache management User functions: leading-1/0, clips, min/max.  Allow instruction scheduling with C code  Further optimization:  Advanced FP emulation library thru partner Basic operations (add/sub/mul/div/sqrt): >3x Advanced operations (log, exp, sin, cos, etc.): >10x  FPU support: for graphics, GPS, printers, true-type fonts, automotive, industrial control, highend audio  Further code size optimization: balance with speed

21. Page 21 A NDES Confidential Debugging Support  AndesCore Embedded Debug Module (EDM) supports:  HW single-stepping: can step thru interrupt service routine  HW (instruction) breakpoints and (data) watchpoint With various mask.  Efficient address accesses bypassing core’s caches  Comprehensive debug features:  Efficient single-stepping  Breakpoints: HW breakpoints for ROM; SW breakpoints for RAM  Watchpoints  Reset target board thru AICE™.  Register and memory view and update.  RTOS:  Debugging with simulator  Debugging with AICE™ + AndeShape™ target board: ICE download speed: > 3 Mbps.  RTOS-awareness: display task status  Linux applications: gdbserver on Linux

22. Page 22 A NDES Confidential Performance Tuning  Profiling at function levels:  Time chart: record all function call/returns along the timeline.  Fast Profiling: record only summarized call/return information.  Profiling on Linux:  using HW performance monitors  Performance monitor utility: counting memory accesses, cache misses, etc.  gprof: program-level profiling  oprofile: system-level profiling (including kernel and driver)

23. Page 23 A NDES Confidential Scripting for Automation  DRY:  Don’t Repeat Yourself.  During development:  Build and run.  Generate profiling information and save to files for post analysis.  Go thru debugging steps: Breakpoint, continue, step over/into, print, set, etc.  Measure performance.  During QA/test:  Set up and run tests thru various configurations and inputs  Report results.  Examples included. Example: for each(opt in['infile1', 'infile2']) { for each(flag in ['-O2', '-O3', '-Os']) { var proj= project(‘android') ) { proj.clean(); proj.build(flag); var start_time = time(); var runCfg= launchCofig(‘android'); runCfg.setArg(opt); runCfg.run(); var t = time() – start_time; log(opt + flag + ' takes ' + t + ' ms'); } Output: infile1-O2 takes 3719 ms infile1-O3 takes 3385 ms infile1-Os takes 3625 ms infile2-O2 …

24. Page 24 A NDES Confidential Tool Verification  Compilation system running thru  Extensive commercial tests: >100K test cases.  Open source tests, including Linux Test Project (LTP).  >500 open source applications.  Interactive tools:  Thru automated tools as well as human operations.  text-mode tools thru script testing.  GUI-mode tools thru a commercial GUI testing tool.  Verified platforms:  Window XP Professional  Linux: Red Hat RHEL ES 4 and CentOS 4.6

25. Page 25 A NDES Confidential Contributing Back to the Community  Andes Open-Source Development Kit (OSDK)  GCC 3.4.4 and other text-mode toolchains  Linux 2.6.27  Qemu 0.9.1: Very fast instruction-accurate simulation Support latest V2 ISA Key peripherals: LCD controller, SD controller, and FE MAC.  Capable of supporting development of  Linux and its applications  RTOS and their applications  Reproducible command-mode debugging thru gdb before board bringup  To be released soon for free download. Fastest Free Embedded Compiler !!

26. Page 26 A NDES Confidential QEMU Running Video Decoding Qemu speed: ISS alone: >120 MIPS/GHz Linux booting: >30 MIPS/GHz Video decoding: >28 MIPS/GHz

27. Page 27 A NDES Confidential  Spend silicon real estate on frequent operations.  Target high efficiency to get the best performance/power return from the SoC hardware.  High flexibility: leave more complex (size/timing) application-related acceleration operations to separate extensions. AndeStar TM Design Principle Efficiency is balance between power, cost, and performance.

28. Page 28 A NDES Confidential AndeStar™ ISA Architecture  Sixteen/Thirty-two ARchitecture  16/32-bit instructions intermixable.  32 32-bit general purpose registers.  Can be reduced to 16 for small systems.  2 64-bit accumulator registers.  Can be removed for small systems.  Efficient constant-setting instructions (up to 20 bits)  Bi-endian modes to support flexible data input.  Performance instruction extensions for greater performance.  Immediate values of load/store word/halfword are in the corresponding access size to address wider range.  Load/store with post-update mode.  Powerful load/store multiple words (lmw/smw):  For context switching, function stack saving/restoring, memory copy, etc.  Capable of handling unaligned addresses.  Single cycle issue multiply-add and multiply-subtract instructions  Divide instruction

29. Page 29 A NDES Confidential 32/16 bit Mixable ISA  32/16 bit mixable ISA for smaller code size.  Cost Smaller ROM size  Performance Less I$ misses  Power Less I$ access Less bus/DRAM access (due to miss) ISAInstructions ANDESMixed instructions MIPS MIPS16e ISA-Mode bit ARM ThumbThumb-mode bit ARM Thumb2Mixed instructions

30. Page 30 A NDES Confidential AndeStar™ ISA Architecture  Basic instructions are in Baseline Set.  Arithmetic, logic, optional divide instruction  Compare, Branch  Load, Store  Conditional moves  Multiply-accumulate  Performance Extension  Handy arithmetic instructions: min, max, abs, avg, clz, clo  Bit manipulation: test, set, clear, toggle  Bitstream packing and extraction: BSE, BSP, PBSAD, PBSADA

31. Page 31 A NDES Confidential N1213 – High Performance Application Processor External Bus Interface AHB Instruction LM Instruction Cache Data LM Data Cache MMU N12 Execution Core JTAG/EDMEPT I/F DTLB ITLB HSMP DMA  Features:  Harvard architecture, 8-stage pipeline.  32 general-purpose registers  Dynamic branch prediction.  Multiply-add and multiply-subtract instructions.  Divide instructions.  Instruction/Data local memory.  Instruction/Data cache.  MMU  AHB or HSMP(AXI like) bus  Power management instructions  Applications:  Mobile Internet Device  Portable media player  MFP  Networking  Gateway/Router  Home entertainment  Smartphone/Mobile phone

32. WWW.ANDESTECH.COM MID Images

33. Page 33 A NDES Confidential Andes MID Desktop

34. Page 34 A NDES Confidential WebKit Browser  Google Map

35. Page 35 A NDES Confidential  Google News and Google Book WebKit Browser

36. Page 36 A NDES Confidential Flash Player  Gnash

37. Page 37 A NDES Confidential Media Player  mplayer

38. Page 38 A NDES Confidential Instant Messenger  Pidgin

39. Page 39 A NDES Confidential Music Player

40. Page 40 A NDES Confidential E-book Reader  FBReader

41. Page 41 A NDES Confidential E-book Reader  pdf reader

42. Page 42 A NDES Confidential Game  go

43. Page 43 A NDES Confidential PIM (Personal Information Management)  Address Book

44. Page 44 A NDES Confidential Image Viewer  GPicView

45. Page 45 A NDES Confidential Editor  Leafpad

46. Page 46 A NDES Confidential Terminal

47. Page 47 A NDES Confidential Configuration  Network Setup