1. Romanticism ( 浪漫主义 ) At the turn of the 18 th and 19 th century

2. Features of Romanticism: A new trend in literature Rose and grew under the impetus of two revolutions: Industrial Revolution and French Revolution (liberty, equality and fraternity)

3. Starting from Rousseau’s ideas and the Storm and Stress Movement Emphasis of Romanticism: Individual freedom, pure sentiments and ideal beauty

4. Romantic philosophy:  question the rational and empirical approaches to truth.  From universe to individual  From social to personal  From conformist to creative  Search for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural  Personal salvation among the industrialized society

5. Return to nature and childlike innocence Pantheism －泛神论, Transcendentalism

6. Romantic Music More freedom in form Stress human sentiments, imagination and love of nature Representative musicians: Beethoven (German composer) Symphony No.5 in C minor (Fate) Ode to Joy Moonlight Sonata

7. Chopin (Polish composer) Nocturne in E Flat Major （降 E 大调小夜曲） Schumann (German composer) Reverie ( 幻想曲） Tchaikovsky (Russian composer) Swan Lake Mendelssohn (German composer) On Wings of Song ( 乘着歌声的翅膀）

8. Romantic England (1798-1832) People were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism Two schools Escapist romanticists: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey Active romanticists: Byron, Shelley and Keats

9. About their romantic writing: emphasis on the spiritual and emotional life of man The passions of man The beauties of (often personified) nature (lakes and mountains, children, peasants, fairy world, Greek art) A period of poetic revival

10. William Wordsworth ( 华兹华斯 ) His status: Leading figure of English romantic poetry Life: Became orphan very young Studied at Cambridge Enthusiastic towards French revolution

11. Settled with Dorothy his sister in Somersetshire Made friends with Coleridge “Lake Poets”: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey Lived in seclusion

13. His Viewpoints p202 “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.” The source of poetic truth—the direct experience of the senses Poetry originate from “emotion recollected in tranquility”, like refining old wine Life is a cyclical journey

14. Material for poetry: everyday life and ordinary people The language of poetry: simple and pure

15. Major works: 1. Lyrical Ballads the break with the conventional poetical tradition; the beginning of the Romantic period The content: Wordsworth’s poetries and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge)

16. His short poems Two groups: Poems about nature Nature is an inspiring force of rapture, a healing power, 203 Poems about human life About rural life and lower class people, 204

18. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 科勒 律治 ) His viewpoints: A poet must present the truth in his own ways. Art is the only permanent revelation of reality The Rime of Ancient Mariner 《老 水手之歌》 Kubla Khan—a dream poem Christabel

19. Day after day, day after day, We stuck, not breath nor motion; As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean.

20. Shelley ( 雪莱 ) Life: Gentle and kind Wrote poems before 18 Published an anti-religious pamphlet Married Harriet out of sympathy Married Mary Godwin Scandal forced him to leave England Friendship with Byron

21. His Viewpoints Against cruelty, injustice, oppression Love freedom, hate tyranny

22. Major Works Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米 修斯》, a lyrical drama The story The image of Prometheus, P284 The Defence of Poetry 《诗辨》 An answer to The Four Ages of Poetry

23. Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》 Lyrics on Nature and Love: The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

24. John Keats ( 济慈 ) Life: His parents died before he was 15 Apprentice to a surgeon Inspired by Spencer’s poetry Gave up medicine for poetry Lived in poverty

25. His brother died Hopeless love Died of consumption at 26 His epitaph, “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”

26. Major Works His odes: union of imagination and beauty Ode to A Nightingale 《夜莺颂》 : contrast between the happy world of fantasy and human world of agony its theme: wish to leave the real world and escape into the poetic world

27. Ode on an Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》 Theme: contrast between permanence of art and the transience of human passion His long poems: Isabella The story Lamia The story

28. The aim of Keats’ poetry: Create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality Keats’ principle of art, P299

29. Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. --Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》