1. X10 PROTOCOL By, RITHESH V Under the Guidance of, CHETHANA K S

2.  INTRODUCTION  WHAT IS X10 PROTOCOL  HOW DOES IT WORKS ???  COMPARISON WITH OTHER PROTOCOLS  ADVATNAGES AND DISADVANTAGES  APPLICATIONS  CONCLUSION  REFERENCES

3.  It was the first general purpose domotic network technology and remains the most widely available.domotic  X10 was developed in 1975 by Pico Electronics of Glenrothes, Scotland, in order to allow remote control of home devices and appliances.GlenrothesScotland  X10 is an international and open industry standard for communication among electronic devices used for home automation, also known as domotics.communicationhome automationdomotics

4.  It primarily uses power line wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts representing digital information.power lineradio frequencydigital  X10 communicates between transmitters and receivers by sending and receiving signals over the power line wiring.transmittersreceivers  X10 transmissions are synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line.  These signals involve short RF bursts which represent digital information.

5.  Pico electronics developed this, every time pico developed a project they used give an experiment #, this was the 10 th project experiment #10, they simply call X10.  X10 is a remote-control system used for home automation- it uses the electric power wiring in your house to send control signals.  The goal should be to transmit as close to the zero crossing point as possible, but certainly within 200 microseconds of the zero crossing point.

6.  Transmissions are to be synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line and should be as close to true zero crossing as possible.  The PL513 and TW523 are designed to be interfaced to other microprocessor circuitry which outputs X10 codes synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line.  A Square wave representing zero crossing detect is provided by the PL513/TW523 and is within 200 microseconds of the zero crossing point of the AC power line.

7.  Power line communication  Power Line Communication (PLC) is a communication technology that enables sending data over existing power cables.  This means that, with just power cables running to an electronic device (for example) one can both power it up and at the same time control/retrieve data from it in a half-duplex manner.

8.  The method used by X-10 is based on a simple data frame with eight data bits (one byte) preceded by a predetermined start code.  The complicated part of this technology was not the system of binary data, but the method in which it was transmitted from one device (the transmitter) to another device (the receiver).

9.  The key was for every device to have an integral "zero crossing" detector so that all of them were synchronized together.  The actual binary data is transmitted by sending 1ms bursts of 120kHz just past the zero crossing of the 60Hz power.  It was also obvious that complementary bit pairs were necessary.

10. Transmission of codes  Once the Start Code has been transmitted, the first nibble is sent.  In one contiguous bit stream, the second nibble provides the second half of the address.

11.  For purposes of redundancy, reliability and to accommodate line repeaters, the X-10 protocol calls for every frame of data to be transmitted twice.  Code format -

12.  Figure show the binary codes to be transmitted for each House Code and Key Code.  The Start Code is always 1110 which is a unique code and is the only code which does not follow the true complimentary relationship on alternate half cycles.

13.  UPB

16. ADVANTAGES :  X10 equipment is inexpensive.  It requires no special wiring.  It is easy to set up and use.  Systems can be small or large - you can start with just a couple of pieces and grow if you like it.  X10 is easily placed under computer control.  A radio-controlled version is available and very compatible with the rest of the system.

17. DISADVANTAGES :  X10 communication can be thwarted by other carrier-current devices, including wireless intercoms.  Most houses are wired with two separate 110 circuits. X10 signals sent from a control panel plugged into one outlet might not get to the lamp module plugged into the outlet across the room - if it is on the other "leg" of the 110. [There is a solution of this - a "signal bridge".]  It takes about a second to send an X10 command. While that command is being sent, you can't send another, or both commands will be lost.

19.  The X10 protocol is very useful in the construction of the smart home.  X10 is extremely simple to implement and there are and abundance of ways to use them.  Above we list the major systems, which will be convenient as well as economical to use these types of remote controlled devices.  In conclusion, the implementation of these remote controlled appliances and household as well as business systems will offer the consumer convenience as well as economic advantages.

20.  “Easy X10 Projects for Creating a Smart Home”, Mary Adair.  http://www.x10.com/technology1.htm.  ftp://ftp.x10.com/pub/manuals/technicalnote.pdf  IEEE paper on “Effect of power lines on performance of home control system”, by Chunduru V and Subramanian N dept of computer science Texas university, Tyler, TX, 2006.