1. CHAPTER 5 SURVIVORS

2. QUESTION What is the problem with the “everyone is at risk” framework?

3. RISK FACTORS: IDENTITY BASED OPPRESSION Age Sex Gender identity Sexual orientation Poverty Racial/ethnicity Undocumented citizenship status Intellectual disability

4. AGE Debates, problems with prior research only examining DMST Age of entry Age of entry in intersectional perspective

5. SEX Female Male Non-binary/ genderqueer/ gender-nonconforming Dynamics specific to these groups

6. LGBTQ* IDENTITIES Increased risk due to non-accepting parents School bullying Leads to increased risk of runaway, truancy, homelessness Susceptible to buyers and peer-facilitated entry into survival sex Barriers to services

7. RACE AND ETHNICITY Disproportionate victimization in sex trafficking statistics Disproportionate criminalization in juvenile prostitution (sex trafficking!!) statistics Disproportionate victimization found in numerous studies Black, Latino/a, and Native individuals in particular Critique of Estes and Weiner Color Blind Racism in the anti-trafficking movement/ Identity politics

8. UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS Economic exploitation Bait and switch tactics Overlap with labor trafficking Specific coercion related to deportation threats Distrust/fear of justice system and criminalization

9. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY Risk of sexual abuse higher More likely to have limited understandings of their right to decline sex or sexual exploitation Difficulty in making decisions, easily manipulated compared to a person with an average IQ Traffickers choose those with an intellectual disability purposefully, as they are less likely to be believed if they seek out assistance, including police

10. RISK FACTORS: WEAK SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS What is a social institution? Economic systems Political/governing systems The criminal justice system Healthcare systems Education systems Family systems

11. WEAK FAMILY INSTITUTIONS Physical, verbal, sexual, or psychological abuse in the home Parent or child substance abuse issues Parental neglect or rejection (LGBTQ*) Intimate Partner violence in the home  Leads to runaway and homeless status, and vulnerability to a pimp/trafficker *blame for a variety of criminal justice issues attributed to “female headed households” is largely unfounded. When social class is controlled for, negative effects disappear. Thus, “female headed households” has less to do with the absence of a male figure, and more to do with increased likelihood of low SES.

12. WEAK CHILD WELFARE SYSTEMS: JUVENILE JUSTICE AND FOSTER CARE INVOLVEMENT Recruitment sites for traffickers through other girls Uncommonly, cases have appeared where staff are traffickers Disproportionate involvement Often a reflection of a problematic home life

13. WEAK EDUCATION SYSTEMS Drop out rates Student mobility rates Truancy AYP Low graduation rates Non-accreditation Fewer attachments to schools, increased truancy/exposure to pimps For adults, negatively affects life changes, increasing economic vulnerability Role of school funding/property tax and unequal opportunity in K-12 education in the U.S.

14. WEAK ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Survival Sex Need to supplement low incomes Lack of minimum wage as a living wage In international context, push and pull factors

15. LACK OF SOCIAL SAFETY NETS Combined with a lack of social safety nets to address such problems, risk to already vulnerable populations is heightened. Lack minimum wage as a living wage; inadequate access to substance abuse and mental illness- related healthcare; lack of services to address intimate partner violence, homelessness, child abuse, and child sexual abuse; as well as weaknesses within social services for trafficked/CSE people

16. RECRUITMENT These risks leave vulnerability to recruitment Also note that these risks intersect, increasing vulnerability with each layer of identity-based oppression and exposure to weak social institutions

17. RECRUITMENT Pimps Buyers Friends/peers Intimate partners False front agencies

18. BARRIERS TO LEAVING Emotional barriers Stigmatization Physical, emotional, economic, abuse Debt bondage Cultural beliefs Gaps in services Feelings of low self- worth, shame Love/intimate partner relationship with the trafficker/pimp Nowhere to go Fear of retaliation Debt bondage Addiction Limited ESA Lack of options Barriers to accessing services Criminalization

19. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What is a weak social institution, and how are weak social institutions implicated as risk factors for sex trafficking? 2. How does identity-based oppression related to risk of sex trafficking vulnerability? Provide at least three examples. 3. What are some potential solutions, or ways of addressing weak social institutions? Be sure to discuss social safety nets.