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Nuclear Chemistry
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Radioactivity Radioisotopes – isotopes that are unstable, who’s nucleus undergoes changes to gain stability Radiation – the penetration of rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source Radioactive Decay – when an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation
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Types of Radiation Alpha Radiation Consist of helium nuclei that have been emitted from a radioactive source Emitted particles are alpha particles, which contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons
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Types of Radiation Beta Radiation Consists of fast moving electrons formed by the decomposition of a neutron in an atom Beta particles have less charge and less mass than alpha particles. What does this mean?
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Types of Radiation Gamma Radiation High – energy electromagnetic radiation Gamma rays are often emitted along with alpha or beta radiation by the nuclei of disintegrating radioactive atoms
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Video Clips Radioactivity Radioactivity Marie Curie Marie Curie Marie Curie Ions Ions
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Half - Life A half-life (t 1/2 ) is the time required for one-half of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to products Read pg Read pg Read pg 127 127
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Transmutation Reactions Transmutation – is the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element. 1 – transmutation through decay 2 – transmutation through altering the amount of protons or neutrons in the nucleus
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Transmutation Reactions The elements which have an atomic number greater than 92, are not naturally occurring elements. These elements are called transuranium elements
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Radioactive Series Large radioactive nuclei cannot stabilize by undergoing only one nuclear transformation. They undergo a series of decays until they form a stable nuclide (often a nuclide of lead).
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Nuclear FusionNuclear Fission Fusion is the fusing of two or more lighter atoms into a larger one. Fission is the splitting of a massive atom into two or more smaller ones. High density, high temperature environment is required. Critical mass of the substance and high-speed neutrons are required. Extremely high energy is required to bring two or more protons close enough to fuse. Takes little energy to split two atoms in a fission reaction. Fusion occurs in stars, such as the sun. Fission reaction does not normally occur in nature.
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Nuclear Fission Neutrons released in the transmutation strike other nuclei, causing their decay and the production of more neutrons.
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Nuclear Fission This process continues in what we call a nuclear chain reaction.
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Nuclear Fusion Fusion would be a superior method of generating power. The good news is that the products of the reaction are not radioactive. The bad news is that in order to achieve fusion, the material must be in the plasma state at several million kelvins. Fusion / Fission video Fusion / Fission video Fusion / Fission video Video 2 Video 2 Video 2
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