1. Pay for your AP EXAM by April 5 BEGIN STUDYING FOR AP EXAM!

2. Biosphere -  This is the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscape  How regional exchange influences the distributions across biosphere

3.  Focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems  Focuses on factors controlling exchanges of energy and materials along multiple ecosystems

4.  The community of organisms in the area and the physical factors with which the organisms interact.  Emphasis on energy flow and chemical cycling

5.  A group of populations of different species in an area  Interactions between species – and how that affects community structure

6.  Group of individuals of the same species in the same area  Factors that affect population size, how and why populations change over time

7.  How an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment

8. How large bodies of water and mountains affect climate Abiotic factors – nonliving factors, chemicals, temperature, light, water, nutrients, Biotic factors – living factors, other organisms

9.  Biomes – major life zone classifications characterized by vegetation type and physical environment

11.  Dispersal – movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density

14.  Population – group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area  Density - # of individuals (volume)  Dispersion – pattern spacing of individuals

16.  First sampling: 180  Second sampling: 44  7 had already been tagged  What's the population size?

19.  Study of population statistics, and how populations change over time

23.  N = population size  t = time  ∆N = change in population size  ∆t = time interval  B = births  D = deaths  K = carrying capacity  r max = max growth rate per capita

24. dN dt  r max N

26. dN dt  (K  N) K r max N

28.  K – selection  R – selection

29.  Finish Ecology  Activity  Prepare for exam!

30.  Density independent factors A factor that may restrict population growth regardless of the current population  Natural disasters  Drought  Density dependent factors A factor that depends upon the current population  Competition  Predation  Disease (crowding of individuals)

34.  Estimates of carrying capacity Habitable land Limiting factors (food, water, etc) Ecological footprint

35.  Interspecific interactions Interspecific competition (-/-) Herbivory (+/-) Predation (+/-)  Cryptic coloration (camouflage)  Aposematic coloration (warning coloration)  Batesian mimicry – a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful one  Mullerian mimicry – 2 unpalatable or harmful species resemble each other

36.  Parasitism (+/-)  Commensalism (+/o)  Mutualism (+/+)  Facilitation (+/+) (+/o)

38.  Dominant species The most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass in the area. Hypothesis is they are competitively superior Hypothesis they resist avoiding predation

39.  Keystone species Not abundant in a community Exert a strong control in a community not because of #, but because of their ecological roles

40.  Sea otter Sea otters feed on sea urchins Sea urchins feed on kelp Orcas now prey on sea otters (usual prey has declined)

42.  Sea star  Muscles  Species diversity

44.  Primary succession – first organisms to colonize an area

45.  Secondary Succession

47.  Law of conservation of mass  Mass is conserved – we can determine how much of a chemical element cycles within an ecosystem or is gained or lost by the ecosystem over time

48.  Gross primary production – amount of light converted into chemical energy  Net primary production – GPP – energy used by primary producers  NPP = GPP – R a

53. WaterCarbonNitrogenPhosphorus Biological importance Essential to all organisms, Makes Organic compounds Amino acids, nucleic acids Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP Forms available to life LiquidPhotosynthetic organisms convert Plants can assimilate Plants absorb Reservoirs1% available for consumption Fossil fuels, soil, sediment Atmosphere 80% Sedimentary rock, marine origin Key processes Evaporation via solar energy, condensation into clouds, precipitation PhotosynthesisNitrogen fixation – conversion of N2 into forms that can be used by others Weathering rock, some leaches into soil – taken up by consumers

60.  3 levels of biodiversity 1. Genetic diversity 2. Species diversity 3. Ecosystem diversity

61.  Genetic variation within a population AND  Genetic variation between populations

62.  Endangered  Threatened

63.  Local extinction of one organism can have a negative impact because of all the interactions between organisms within an ecosystem

64.  Habitat loss  Introduced species (non-native)  Overharvesting (wild organisms)  Global change

65.  Fragmentation and edges  Movement corridors  Preserving biodiversity hot spots

66.  Nutrient enrichment

67.  Toxins in environment Biological magnification DDT

68.  Greenhouse and climate