1. 4.2 Gene Mutations Science 9

2. Science in our lives! Title + Picture What references to the topic do I know from movies, books and TV? What do we already know about this topic? What would we like to know more about the topic? What questions do we have? Your names please

3. Mutants

4. Mutants in Real Life

5. What is a Gene Mutation? Gene Mutation = Change in the specific order of A, G, C, T bases in a gene

6. Gene mutation There are three types of mutations that can happen within a gene Substitution Deletion Addition

7. Substitution One base is substituted for another

8. Deletion One base is missing

9. Addition An extra base is added

10. Question 1 What types of gene mutations may be least damaging for a cell? A: substitution B: deletion C: addition D: deletion and addition Why?

11. Question 2 What types of gene mutations may be most damaging for a cell? A: substitution B: deletion C: addition D: deletion and addition Why?

12. Your Name in DNA Code! 1. Spell out your name using the “codons” (= DNA sequence) 2. Substitute one of the letters in the three-letter codon. What happens? 3. Add one extra letter in and shift the three-letter reading frame. What happens? 4. Delete one letter and shift the three- letter reading frame. What happens?

13. Three Different Effects of Mutations 1. Positive – Has beneficial effects on survival of species 2. Neutral – No effect on species 3. Negative – Has harmful effect on species by reducing probability of survival or production of offspring

14. Positive, Neutral or Negative? Individuals with mutated gene that produces proteins which prevent HIV from infecting the person

15. Positive, Neutral or Negative? Sickle cell anemia = substitution of A for T in gene changes hemoglobin protein shape so that the red blood cell is unable to carry oxygen

16. Positive, Neutral or Negative? Mutation of a single base in the gene for coat colour turns a Kermode bear’s fur from black to white

17. Positive, Neutral or Negative? Cystic Fibrosis = causes mucus buildup in respiratory tract so that breathing becomes difficult

18. Your Questions What is elephantiasis? Will breaking your bone make it stronger? Can I become a superhero? Is it passed from parents to offspring?

19. Positive, Neutral or Negative? Some plants develop resistance to bacteria and fungal infection as a result of mutation

20. Mutagens Substances or factors that can cause mutations in DNA Examples: biological virus, cigarette smoke, radiation from X-rays, UV rays, pollutants (mercury), household chemicals Damaged DNA may prevent proteins from being made properly, and proteins are essential for cell function

21. Your Questions How do mutations occur? – Extra chromosomes Can I become a superhero? Can mutations be fixed? What’s going on at KFC?

22. Gene Therapy Researchers replace a mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene Experimental, doesn’t always work

23. Gene Therapy clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_YJZn- ft_Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_YJZn- ft_Q

24. Considering Gene Therapy Examine your beliefs on gene therapy by rating each statement A = strongly disagree B = somewhat disagree No card = neutral C = somewhat agree D = strongly agree

25. Considering Gene Therapy Everyone should have equal access to gene therapy treatment no matter what the cost if gene therapy is known to cure a disease A = strongly disagree, B = somewhat disagree, No card = neutral, C = somewhat agree, D = strongly agree

26. Considering Gene Therapy Everyone should have equal access to gene therapy treatment no matter what the cost if gene therapy is known to cure a disease Who should pay for the treatments? The government? The patient? This technology is often expensive.

27. Considering Gene Therapy Because of the risks, gene therapy testing should not be conducted on humans until gene therapy is proven 100 percent safe and effective A = strongly disagree, B = somewhat disagree, No card = neutral, C = somewhat agree, D = strongly agree

28. Considering Gene Therapy Because of the risks, gene therapy testing should not be conducted on humans until gene therapy is proven 100 percent safe and effective What can scientists use to determine if the test is 100% safe? What if a patient were desperate?

29. Considering Gene Therapy If gene therapy is proven safe, then it is acceptable to use gene therapy to enhance a person’s genetically inherited characteristics, provided the individual pays all expenses for the treatment A = strongly disagree, B = somewhat disagree, No card = neutral, C = somewhat agree, D = strongly agree

30. Considering Gene Therapy If gene therapy is proven safe, then it is acceptable to use gene therapy to enhance a person’s genetically inherited characteristics, provided the individual pays all expenses for the treatment What if people take it too far? “I only want a boy with blue eyes.”

31. Considering Gene Therapy Gene therapy should be used only as a last resort to treat critically ill patients A = strongly disagree, B = somewhat disagree, No card = neutral, C = somewhat agree, D = strongly agree

32. Considering Gene Therapy Gene therapy should be used only as a last resort to treat critically ill patients How do you define who is critically ill? Should we be playing God and determine who lives and who dies?

33. Case Study – p. 143 (4-2B) Please pick an issue and write a reflection about your position. Do you agree with it or not, and why? Everyone should have equal access to gene therapy treatment no matter what the cost if gene therapy is known to cure a disease Because of the risks, gene therapy testing should not be conducted on humans until gene therapy is proven 100 percent safe and effective If gene therapy is proven safe, then it is acceptable to use gene therapy to enhance a person’s genetically inherited characteristics, provided the individual pays all expenses for the treatment Gene therapy should be used only as a last resort to treat critically ill patients

34. Works Cited http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW 000/32193/32195/353894.html?d=dmtGeneti cs_BasicContent