1. Objective: To discuss different mutations 12.4

2. Gene mutation Mutations: change in genetic material Gene Mutation: change is on one or a few nucleotides Point mutation- occurs at a single point Substitution, Insertion or Deletion

3. Gene mutation cont. Insertion and deletion change how many parts of the DNA are read this is a Frameshift mutation- shift the genetic message May change every amino acid that follows the mutation

4. Chromosomal mutation Deletions- part of the chromosome is deleted Duplications- part of the chromosome is copied Inversions- reverse direction of chromosome Translocations- part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

5. Most mutations are neutral Some are negative and harmful Some are positive and beneficial Polyploidy- you have more than one set of DNA These plants are often stronger than diploid plants--- bananas and citric fruits