1. European Colonization of the Americas Chapter 2, Period 1.2-1.3

4. European Conquest European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity – Spanish seized native lands, converted natives to Christianity, and made them dig for gold, silver, and work on large estates (encomienda) growing sugar. St. Augustine- 1 st European settlement in the New World – Other outposts were attacked by natives

5. European Impact on Americas Columbus (1492) – Attempting to find Western Route to Asia – “Indians” could easily be converted and made into bonded laborers – Columbus: Hero or Villain? Columbus: Hero or Villain? – Columbus Debate Columbus Debate Conquistadors – Ponce de Leon – Balboa – Cortes – Pizarro

6. Franciscan Missions The responsibility of pacification of new lands given to missionaries – Anything but peaceful – Friars were protected by Spanish soldiers Whipped Indians for polygamy Smashed religious idols Punished Indians for worshipping other gods – Conversion, assimilation, and forced labor went hand in hand

7. Europeans in the Americas Disease – Natives had no immunities to common European diseases (smallpox, flu, measles) – Kills 100,000+ – Disease kills many Inca due to trade, enabling Pizarro to conquer them Encomiendas – Bonded labor of natives

10. Europeans in the Americas Columbian Exchange – Food products from Western Hemisphere were transferred to Europe Led to increased population growth – Syphilis Brought back by Columbus’ crew – New Livestock and crops introduced to the New World “White Man’s Footprints” Horses Cows

11. Europeans in the Americas Christianity – Conversion by choice or force Class Structure – Between 1500 and 1650 at least 300,000 Spaniards migrate to Americas – Most male and many take native wives/mistresses Mestizos Hierarchical society emerges with rigid class systems

13. European Impact on West Africa Initially beneficial – Introduced new products/goods (coconuts, pigs, and eventually maize) Slavery – Bonded labor was the norm for most pre-modern societies – Africa had slavery before Europeans – Portuguese were the first to buy African slaves to work on sugar plantations and also sold slaves in Lisbon

14. African Slave Trade Due to the abundance of land, shortage of indentured servants, lack of an effective means of enslaving native people, and the growing European demand for colonial goods

15. Effects on Europe New crops from the Americas stimulated European population growth, while new sources of mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism – Corn – Potatoes Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas – Joint –stock companies

16. Financial Causes of Further Exploration England – An increase in population and the rise of mercantilism stimulated the economy Dutch Republic – Became the financial leader of Northern Europe after independence from Spain The wealth of both nations allowed them to challenge Spain’s dominance in the Western Hemisphere

17. Age of Discovery Changes the World Profound changes on both sides of the Atlantic – Columbian Exchange and Triangle Trade – Destruction of native peoples and native cultures – Creation of large European empires – Eventual creation of new nations in the Western Hemisphere

18. European Colonists Instill Diversity The goals and cultures of the Spanish, French, British, and Dutch differed, resulting in varied models of colonization

19. Spain Sought to establish a tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population – Encomienda System – Franciscan Missions Conflicts between the Spanish and the Pueblo from 1598 to 1680 reduced the population of Pueblo peoples from 60,000 to 17,000 Pope revolt in 1680, another revolt in 1696

20. France and the Netherlands Few colonists – Quebec- first French settlement – Fort Orange (Albany) first Dutch settlement in North America Used trade alliances and intermarriage with natives to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe

22. New Amsterdam Did not survive because Dutch Republic had small population that was prosperous – 1664- 5,000 residents and less than half were Dutch 1640’s- fought Algonquians for 2 years West India Company largely ignored colony to focus on slave trade 1664- English invade New Amsterdam with little Dutch resistance – Became New York

23. The Iroquois and the Europeans Five Iroquois Nations – Confederation Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk – Stationed in Central NY Could attack easily by water – Obtained guns from Dutch – Waged war against other Iroquois-speaking tribes Came to control fur trade Eventually signed treaties with French and English

24. England Differed from their competitors – Eventually sought colonies based on agriculture – Sent large numbers of colonists to acquire land and populate settlements – Rarely intermarried with American Indians or Africans Led to rigid racial hierarchy Hostile relations with the American Indians

25. Jamestown King James granted Virginia Company of London land from present-day NC to southern NY. – Joint Stock Company Commerce was the primary goal After 4 month trip, landed in Virginia in May of 1607 – Quickly died off due to disease, lack of fresh water, and refusal to plant crops 38 out of 120 were alive 9 months later 1619 House of Burgesses created

27. John Smith 27 years old at time of arrival in Jamestown Member of the council in charge of Jamestown Implemented strict rules If you do not work, you will not eat Did NOT have relationship with Pocahontas Sustained gun powder injury and was sent back to England

31. Indian Revolt By Opechancanough Successor to Powhatan Pledged to rid their lands of Englishmen – Attacks killed 347 settlers including John Rolfe – 1624 King James I revokes the Virginia Company Charter due to Indian uprisings and makes it a royal colony Establishes Church of England Establishes a royal governor Retained House of Burgess – Becomes framework on English colonies in North America

32. Maryland King Charles I granted Lord Baltimore Maryland Set up as a refuge for Catholics Tobacco becomes the basis for the economy

34. Masters, Servants, and Slaves Indentured Servants – Mostly male and coming to new world due to Enclosure Acts 1619- first African slaves arrive in Jamestown – English common law didn’t allow chattel slavery – By 1670 only 5% of population was black – Some African freemen in Chesapeake purchased slaves – 1660’s tobacco boom ends mobility for Africans 1671 House of Burgesses makes Africans second class citizens “Negro” and slave became synonymous

35. Middle Passage

36. Social Revolt Tobacco bust in late 1600’s – Greater supply than demand – Parliament’s Acts of Trade and Navigation (1659, 1660, and 1663) – By 1670’s farmers were only making a penny per pound of tobacco – Planter elite emerges in Chesapeake Ownership of large estates leased out to former servants Also became commercial middlemen and money lenders – Owned ½ land in VA

37. Bacon’s Rebellion Results in decrease in class conflicts among whites and greater dependence on black slaves Gov. Berkeley (VA) was corrupt – Land grants to councilmen, colonial representatives – House of Burgesses changed voting rights to exclude landless men (1/2 of population) – Property-owning men frustrated with low tobacco prices and rising taxes

38. Bacon’s Rebellion Indian revolt ignites rebellion in the frontier Nathaniel Bacon defies Gov. Berkeley’s orders and attacks the peaceful Doeg peoples – Denounced by Berkeley as a rebel and arrested Preying on the poor’s distrust and resentment of government, he leads 400 people and issues a “Manifesto and Declaration of the People” – Burns Jamestown

39. Bacon’s Rebellion Bacon died of dysentery a month later and Gov. Berkeley seized the estates of rebels and handed 23 men – “I am more glad to see you than any man in Virginia. Mr. Drummond, you shall be hanged in half and hour.” Lasting Effects – Cut taxes and supported white expansion – Increased reliance on African slaves vs. white indentured servants – In 1705 the House of Burgesses legalized chattel slavery

40. Jamestown

41. New England Pilgrims – Settled Plymouth, were separatists – Led by William Bradford – Mayflower, 1620 Mayflower – Lacked royal charter, created own covenant government with the Mayflower Compact Considered first American constitution – Known for strong work ethic – 1640 they had a representative self-gov’t with religious freedom

42. New England Puritans – (1630) 900 led by John Winthrop aboard the Arabella – Created the Massachusetts Bay Colony “City upon a hill” – No separation of church and state Only male church members could vote and hold office Barred other faiths from conducting services Embraced predestination

43. Rhode Island Roger Williams – Minister in Salem who endorsed Pilgrim’s separation of church and state – Questioned Puritan seizure of native lands – Banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1636 – Founded Providence, Rhode Island with about 50 followers Received royal charter in 1644 No legally established church

44. Anne Hutchinson Denied that good deeds led to salvation Held prayer meetings in her home – Not allowed because she was a female Tried and convicted in 1637 for holding heretical views and was banished – Followed Roger Williams to Rhode Island

45. Thomas Hooker 1636 established Hartford, CT – Secured a charter in 1662 – Allowed all property- owning men to vote

46. Puritanism and Witchcraft Between 1647 and 1662 civil authorities in New England hanged fourteen people for witchcraft Salem, 1692-93 – 175 people tried, 19 executed – People horrified and discouraged further prosecutions – Enlightenment changed thoughts from evil to nature

47. Puritans and Pequots Puritans often treated natives with brutality – 500 Pequots killed by Puritans in 1636 Created praying towns – Similar to Franciscan missions – By 1670 over 100,000 natives lived in fourteen praying towns

48. Metacom’s Rebellion/King Philip’s War 1675 Wampanoag leader Metacom (King Philip) forged a military alliance with other tribes and attacked white settlements in New England Fighting ended in 1676 because native warriors ran out of guns and gun powder and the Massachusetts Bay gov’t hired Mohegan and Mohawk warriors – Ambushed and killed Metacom