1. TEACHING BOOLEAN USING FASTCASE

2. BOOLEAN SEARCHING Uses specific, pre-defined operators to specify which search terms are important and how they should be related. Examples: Fire and apprentice Fraud not criminal Rule* /5 “803(5)” AND knowledge OR recall NOT memory Benefits: High-level precision Downsides: Requires consideration as to what terms are important Requires review of search terms to ensure correct operators are used for the desired relationship of terms.

3. A BIT OF HISTORY Formal logics were initially developed in ancient times in Ancient Egypt, China, & India. George Boole (1815-1864): first recorded modern proponent of using logical statements to express mathematical terms. Boolean logic is now the basis of modern binary, as well as the most precise system of searching documents (also known as Keyword searching)

4. TWO THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND Synonymy Words that can mean the same thing Use synonyms for better results Ex. Car, vehicle, truck, van, automobile Ambiguity Words that can mean more than one thing Avoid ambiguity by adding terms or the “not” operator Ex: Negligence not criminal

5. FASTCASE BOOLEAN OPERATORS Operato r ExampleDescription AND, &libel AND damagesResults must contain both “libel” and “damages” ORpremarital OR prenuptial Results must contain either “premarital” or “prenuptial” NOTnegligence NOT criminal Results must contain “negligence” but not the word “criminal” w/3, /3custody /15 interrogation Results must contain “custody” w/in 15 words of “interrogation.” *, !testif*Results must contain some variation of the stem “testif” such as testified, testify, testifying, etc. ?mari?uanaResults must contain m-a-r-i-_-u-a-n-a with any letter substituted for the question mark “ ”“estate tax”Results must contain the exact phrase “estate tax” ( )(confront OR cross-examine) Parentheses tells Fastcase to do the operations contained within it before doing things outside

6. BOOLEAN SEARCH OPERATORS

7. AND — DOG AND BITE Only returns cases at the intersection — ones containing both the words “right” and “wrong.” DogBite Dog & bite

8. OR — CAR OR AUTOMOBILE Returns all cases around the perimeter of the two words — either those using the word “car” or the word “automobile.” Car.Vehicle Car & Vehicle car OR vehicle

9. NOT — SPEECH NOT SCHOOL Only returns cases mentioning “speech” without referencing the word “school.” Speech School speech NOT school

10. SPEECH NOT (SCHOOL OR POLITICAL) Only returns cases mentioning “speech,” but not mentioning “school” or “political.” Speech School Political speech NOT (school OR political) school OR political

11. SPEECH AND PUBLIC NOT (SCHOOL OR POLITICAL) The cases returned will use both the words “speech” and “public” but won’t use either the words “political” or “school.” Speech School Political (speech AND public) NOT (school OR political) school OR political Public “X”

12. PROXIMITY OR WITHIN — W/# OR /# Sample matches: in-custody interrogation of a suspect.... (w/1 matches.) unless in-custody police interrogation is.... (w/2 matches.) interrogation while in custody may give.... (w/3 matches.) custody for purposes of interrogation.... (w/4 matches.) custody w/5 interrogation — return cases where custody appears within 5 words of interrogation

13. “QUOTATION MARKS” Sample matches:... that the communications privilege encompassed within the same statute precludes...... marital communications privilege is not applicable here because Mr. and Mrs. Irons were estranged at the time of the conversations. Not in search results:... spouse may enjoy marital privileges from...... the marital communications privilege may be waived... “communications privilege” — returns only cases with that exact phrase

14. GENERAL NOTE ON THE PLURAL FORM Full text search engines do not automatically look for plurals in Boolean searches If you want to include plurals, you have to tell the engine to look for them by using a wildcard or root expander Remember to include your Plurals

15. ROOT EXPANDER (*, !) — MAR* Return cases with at least one word that begins with “mar.” Pros: Useful for plurals, different tenses, gerunds, etc. Cons: Can slow down search times – if you just want to search plurals, OR is faster Can be over-inclusive — see, e.g., maritime in this search.

16. ORDER OF OPERATIONS W/5 The “Within” operator runs first AND The “And” operator is run second NOT The “Exclude” operator runs third OR The “Or” operator runs last

17. PARENTHESES — WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE USER DOES NOT USE IT What the user entered: car OR vehicle AND getaway What the Search actually saw: car OR vehicle AND getaway

18. SUBTLE BUT IMPORTANT DISTINCTION Incorrect: car OR (vehicle AND getaway) Correct: (car OR vehicle) AND getaway

19. ADVANCED ORDER OF OPERATIONS Consider the following searches: Rule* /5 “803(5)” AND knowledge OR recall NOT memory knowledge OR recall NOT memory AND Rule* /5 “803(5)” Rule* /5 “803(5)” AND (knowledge OR recall) NOT memory A: B: C: A (wrong): 157,342 results; B (wrong): 1,038,488 results; C (right): 99 results

20. ConceptKeyword and operator Testimonial privilege  (testimon* or marital) /3 privileg* AND Communications privilege Compelled testimony  (compel* or requir*) /5 testif* AND Spouse  (spous* or husband or wife) Criminal trial  NOT civil

21. (TESTIMON* OR MARITAL) /3 PRIVILEG* AND (COMPEL* OR REQUIR*) /5 TESTI* AND (SPOUS* OR HUSBAND OR WIFE) AND NOT CIVIL