1. Classification Unit 1

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3. KEY CONCEPT: Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. taxonomy- is the science of naming and classifying organisms. Linnaean taxonomy classifies organisms based on their physical and structural similarities. A group of organisms in a classification system is called a taxon. Classifying systems give scientists a framework of logic and order. Relationships among living things can be seen easily. White oak: Quercus alba 3

4. Born in Sweden Grew up interested in botany Was interested in comparing similar parts of different flowers – led to his work with classifying plants and animals Developed the BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE system for classifying living things

5. Binomial nomenclature - is a system that gives each species a two part scientific name using Latin words. First part of the name is the genus. Genus- one or more species closely related Always CAPITALIZED and either italicized or underlined Second part of the name is the species descriptor Can refer to a trait of the species, the scientists who first discovered it, or its native location. Always lowercase and either italicized or underlined Ex: Grey Wolf = Canis lupis Canis = genus lupis= species descriptor 5

6. Scientific names help scientists to communicate. – Some species have similar common names. – Some species have many common names. 6

7. 1. by their physical characteristics 2. embryological similarities 3. biochemical similarities in DNA and genetics Evolutionary and genetic relationships are the basis of classification today! Linnaeus’ Classification system Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species. Linnaeus’ classification system did NOT include Domain 7

8. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Domain 8

9. Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genera contain closely related species Species is unique 9

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11. Did Ken Pour Coffee On Fred’s Good Shirt? Can you think of one? Easier for your brain to remember one sentence that 8 individual words 11

12. The Linnaean classification system has limitations: Is based on physical similarities When this was devised there was not enough technology to use molecular evidence (DNA). Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships. Ex: The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is more closely related to raccoons than to giant pandas. 12

13. Classification Unit 13

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15. KEY CONCEPT: Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. phylogeny – The evolutionary history for a group of species. Uses the fossil record and molecular data (DNA) to group organisms. cladistics- classification based on common ancestry Goal of cladistics: place species in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor. ArmadilloGlyptodon Ex: The glyptodon (Glyptotherium arizonae) illustrated above was the size of a small car and lived more than 10,000 years ago. It is the common ancestor to about 20 modern armadillo species, including the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) 15

16. Cladogram- evolutionary tree that proposes how species may be related to each other through common ancestors. show evidence from living species, the fossil record, and molecular data shown with branching tree diagrams Derived characters Node Clade 16

17. nodes - represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade. each place where a branch splits is called a node. clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. – each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. – can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. – A clade looks like the letter V, including all the branches that extend from the right end of the V. FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE NODE DERIVED CHARACTER CLADE 17

18. derived characteristics: trait that differs in structure or function from that found in the ancestral line for a group of species; used in constructing cladograms more closely related species share more derived characters represented on cladogram as hash marks FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE DERIVED CHARACTER 18

19. Classification Unit 19

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21. KEY CONCEPT: The current tree of life has three domains. Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. NOTE: You are a eukaryote in the domain Eukarya 21

22. The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains are above the kingdom level. proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity 22

23. kingdom Animalia kingdom Fungi kingdom Plantae kingdom Protista Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. 4 Kingdoms of Eukarya include: 23

24. Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Eubacteria. – one of the largest groups on Earth – classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused 24

25. Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaeabacteria. cell walls chemically different from bacteria differences discovered by studying RNA known for living in extreme environments Initially given the name Archaea due to the extreme environments it lives it. Environments are similar to how the Earth was billions of years ago. Was thought to be before bacteria Molecular evidence shows that it ACTUALLY has some similarities to prokaryotes as well as other similarities to eukaryotes. 25

26. Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction blurs the line between “species” more research needed to understand prokaryotes 26