1. A SSESSING S OIL AND W ATER SNC 1DI

2. A SSESSING S OILS Soil is much more than just dirt, it is in fact full of life The condition of soil provides a good indication of the health of an ecosystem What is soil? Soil is a loose covering on the ground containing a mixture of organic matter, minerals and moisture Three things need to be considered when assessing soil quality: Soil profile Soil type Acidity levels

3. S OIL P ROFILE Soil is made up of three distinct layers: Topsoil – composed of decaying organic matter (humus), rock particles and living organisms Subsoil – very compact, mostly rock and little to no organic matter Bedrock – impermeable solid rock

4. S OIL T YPES There are three main types of soil: Loam soil different sized rock particles resulting in many pockets of air and water, which keeps soil loose Contains a lot of humus and drains well without drying out Clay soil Extremely small particles tightly packed together preventing plant root growth Does not drain well, trapping water and making soil excessively wet Sandy soil Contains sand particles that create large spaces for air pockets and root growth Quick drainage of water causes nutrients to be washed away from roots

5. S OIL T YPES

6. A CIDITY L EVELS Acidity is an abiotic factor connected to the chemical environment of soil Soils vary in acidity: Low pH soils – acidic, only some plants will tolerate this type (eg. Tomatoes) Neutral pH soils – neither acidic or basic, most plants prefer this pH High pH soils – basic (alkaline), only some plants will tolerate this type (eg. Hen-and-chicks)

7. A CIDITY L EVELS

8. H UMAN I MPACT ON S OIL Humans can negatively impact soil in the following ways: Soil erosion When topsoil blows/washes away because of ploughing, overgrazing of livestock Overfarming If the same type of crop is grown every year all the nutrients in the soil get used up

9. A SSESSING W ATER Q UALITY Many different aspects of water are used to assess its quality, including: 1. Aquatic Organisms High levels of certain microorganisms in water can indicate water is unsafe (eg. E.Coli) The presence or absence of some organisms can indicate water is polluted

10. A SSESSING W ATER Q UALITY 2. Oxygen Low dissolved oxygen levels cause many aquatic organisms to die If Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels are measured higher than normal there are too many micro-organisms in the water (using all the oxygen) 3. Acidity Most aquatic organisms prefer to live in a neutral pH (most fish will die if the pH drops below 4.5)

11. A SSESSING W ATER Q UALITY 4. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Levels Fertilizers rich in these nutrients cause ponds/lakes to grow large amounts of algae When the algae dies and decomposes, oxygen is depleted 5. Heavy Metals Metal pollution accumulates in the bodies of aquatic organisms and is passed up the food web in a process called biomagnification

12. B IOMAGNIFICATION

13. A SSESSING W ATER Q UALITY 6. Pesticides Some pesticides last a long time in the environment Pesticides accumulate in the bodies of organisms ( bioaccumulation ) and biomagnify just like heavy metals