1. WELCOME to CBI 2016-19 Orientation Session: August 20, 2016

2. CBI Orientation Schedule (Green HO) 8:30Gathering; Registration; Handouts; Books; Refreshments 8:45Welcome & Opening Prayer: “Enthrone the Bible at Home” 9:00Session 1: Introduction to the Catholic Bible Institute 10:00Table-Group Discussions: Ice-Breakers 10:15Break 10:30Session 2: Principles of Catholic Biblical Interpretation 12:00Lunch Break 1:00Session 3: Fundamentalism vs. Contextualism 2:15Break 2:30Session 4: Intro to the Bible & Biblical Studies 3:45Final Announcements & Closing Prayer 4:00Clean-up & Departure

3. Opening Prayer (Gray HO) : “Enthrone the Bible in Your Home” Folded booklet, by Stephen Binz Please place your Bibles in middle of your table Please stand and join in singing & praying Song: Praise to You, O Christ, Our Savior

5. Session 1: Intro to the CBI Felix: History of CBI & CBI-Orange Team Maggie: Personal Experience of CBI Fiona: CBI Philosophy & Table-Group Faith-Sharing Maureen: Sacred Space & Opening/Closing Prayers Randy: 3-Year Overview; Registrations: Scholarships, Credit/Enrichment options, Statement of Intent & Letters of Recommendation Felix: Reading/Writing Assignments for Year 1; BOOKS

6. Introductions: CBI-Orange Team Randy Lopez, M.T.S. (CBI Coordinator) – CBI@loyolainstitute.org CBI@loyolainstitute.org Fr. Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D. (LIS Director) – just@loyolainstitute.org just@loyolainstitute.org Raymond Uribe (LIS Staff) – uribe@loyolainstitute.org uribe@loyolainstitute.org Maggie Cunningham – MCunningham@cardiacscience.com MCunningham@cardiacscience.com Fiona Sanchez – fionahs67@icloud.com fionahs67@icloud.com Maureen Tunstill – mtunstill@rosaryacademy.org mtunstill@rosaryacademy.org

7. Brief History of Catholic Bible Institutes 1990: Archdiocese of Los Angeles & LMU 2008: LMU & Diocese of San Bernardino, CA 2013: LIS & Diocese of Orange, CA 2015: LIS & Diocese of Tucson, AZ ! 2016: LIS & Diocese of Orange – 2 nd Cohort! Three-Year Certificate Program (one Sat. per month) : Orig.: OT, NT, Practicum Now: NT, OT, Practicum (see bottom/back of green HO)

8. A Personal Experience of CBI Margaret (Maggie) Cunningham Graduate of first CBI-Orange Cohort, 2013-2016

9. CBI Philosophy (Gold HO) Professional: the team and the instructors present an understanding of the study of the Sacred Scriptures through a variety of adult learning experiences using the most contemporary scholarship and methodologies available. Prayerful: the planning, preparation and presentation of each session is woven together with prayer. Also, a variety of liturgical expressions and rituals following the session theme or liturgical season enhance the Institute to give the participants a sense of the rich tradition of our Catholic heritage and to aid them in praying the Scriptures. Purposeful: each activity and process is designed to increase and enrich one’s knowledge and understanding of Scripture by integrating the information with one’s personal life experience and prayer. Participatory: It fosters community in small groups. Each participant is a significant and active part of a small group throughout the Institute. The membership of the small group changes annually. This opportunity allows the participants to reflect on one’s experience and attitude of being Church. The Church is not a group of like-minded or related individuals; rather, it is a group of committed people where the unity of the Spirit is the bond that proclaims the presence of Christ despite our differences. Pastoral: the Institute strives to be pragmatic through modeling of various alternative means of presenting Bible Study Programs at a parish level. Multicultural concerns are respectfully addressed for men and women at various levels of experience, and a spirit of dialogue among all Christian groups around the theme of biblical studies will be promoted. Personal: each participant is challenged to grow in a deeper understanding and practice of the Word of God in the midst of the Church. Through an environment and attitude of prayerful reflection, all participants are invited to open themselves to being transformed by the Scriptures.

10. Small-Group Faith-Sharing Guidelines (Gold HO) “Ten Commandments” – for SPEAKING and LISTENING 1.See Jesus in every member of your group. 2.Love each member just as she or he is today. 3.Treat everyone as well as you want them to treat you (the “Golden Rule” ). 4.Share only what God is revealing to you about yourself and your own life. 5.Allow each person equal time to share with the group, but don’t force anyone. 6.Be courteous of one another. Allow each person to speak without interruption. 7.Listening is even more important than speaking (we have two ears, one mouth). 8.Do not try to solve another person’s problems. Do not teach, preach, judge, condemn, or give advice. Just listen and offer support. 9.Do not share with others outside the group what you heard in the group. Confidentiality is essential for the trust level of a group. 10.All members of the group assume responsibility for these guidelines. Gently remind and lovingly encourage one another if anyone forgets.

11. Planning Monthly Services (Tan HO) “Sacred Space” Display in front of room Maybe also something on each table? Theme: related to the biblical topic of the month Opening & Closing Prayer Services: Theme: related to the biblical topic of the month Variety of components: scripture, prayers, songs, art, etc. Make it participatory and prayerful Please use inclusive language Opening ca. 10 min. (2 pages) ; Closing ca. 5 min. (1 page) Email Worship Aides to Randy on week in advance

12. Registration Details (Randy) Overview of 3-Year CBI Program Registration / Payments each semester Scholarship Applications Credit / Enrichment options Statement of Intent (your own) Letters of Recommendation (from your parish) Monthly Attendance (please sign attendance sheets) Absences: notify Randy; listen to recordings CBI Website: catholic-resources.org/CBI-Orange

13. Homework! (Salmon HO) Orientation Session: Two Special Readings Vatican II: Dei Verbum, “Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation” (free online at http://vatican.va)http://vatican.va Ronald Witherup, PSS. Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001. (publ. $14.95; LIS new $12; used $8)

14. Monthly Assignments (Salmon HO) BEFORE each Session: Reading Assignments BIBLE: New Testament texts & intros! Anselm Academic Study Bible (LIS $38) Catholic Study Bible (Amazon 30-40% off) Or another recent “Study Bible” Textbooks: 4a) Certificate: Raymond E. Brown. An Introduction to the NT. Doubleday, 1997. ($75; Amazon $16 - $58) 4b) Certificate: Mark Allan Powell. Introducing the NT. Baker Academic, 2009. ($45; Amazon $25) – free related website: www.IntroducingNT.com 4c) Enrichment: Margaret Nutting Ralph. A Walk through the NT. Paulist Press, 2012. (ppr $19.95; LIS new $15; used $10)

15. Study Bibles

16. Textbooks: Intros to the NT

17. Extra Materials: Kurt Aland. Synopsis of the Four Gospels: English Edition. American Bible Society, 1982. ($50; LIS new $35; used $20-25 ) Online biblical resources: http://catholic-resources.org/Bible (Fr. Felix) http://catholic-resources.org/Bible http://www.IntroducingNT.com (Mark Powell) http://www.IntroducingNT.com

18. Monthly Assignments (Peach HO) AFTER each Session: Writing Assignments Monthly ONE-page Reflections More details next month! Email to your “Reader” within TWO weeks Slightly longer Year-End Paper Special Assignment this month only: ONE-page reflection on Dei Verbum & Fundamentalism Back of TAN HO: Four questions  Four paragraphs Please follow sample format of Nicholas Lopez! Bring with you to next session (Sept. 17)

19. Table Discussions (Green HO: Icebreaker Qs) Going around the table, let each person answer the first question, then move on to the second question, and then the third one. Please keep your answers brief, so that everyone at the table has time to share. 1.Brief introduction – your name and parish or religious community 2.What are you hoping to get out of the Catholic Bible Institute? 3.If you could spend a day with any biblical character (aside from Jesus), who would it be, and why?

20. How to Read the Bible? Catholic Approaches to Biblical Interpretation CBI Orientation, Aug. 20, 2016 – Session 2 Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D. Loyola Institute for Spirituality, Orange, CA http://catholic-resources.org

21. Should Catholics read the Bible? Common Warning before Vatican II DON’T read the Bible! Why Not? Too dangerous! Too easy to misunderstand! Just listen to what Sister or Father tells you about it. New Emphasis since just before Vatican II: DO read the Bible, but humbly, carefully, prayerfully! How? In Liturgy & Sacraments, communally & individually

22. A Key Question: Should Catholics Read the Bible Literally? Do we accept Literal Interpretation of the Bible? Answer: YES! (Are you surprised?) Distinctions: “Literal” but not “literalistic” (not naively; not as fundamentalists) “Literal” means “according to the letter”  Bible is literature! “Literally” AND “spiritually” (not either/or)

23. What Is “Fundamentalism”? Five “Fundamentals” of Christian Doctrine (1890’s, Prot.) 1. Literal Inerrancy of the Bible (interpreted 100% factually) 2. Virgin Birth & Deity of Jesus 3. Substitutionary Atonement (Jesus’ death) 4. Bodily Resurrection of Jesus 5. Imminent Return of Jesus Popular Appeal of Fundamentalism: simplistic answers to complex questions meaning of texts is obvious? people crave certainty (don’t want ambiguity or complexity)

24. 5 Principles of Catholic Biblical Interp. 1.“Both / And” Approach to Christian Theology vs. one-sided over-emphasis or neglect 2.“Incarnational Theology” is Core (God’s Self-Revelation!) vs. bibliolatry, over-emphasis on Bible as text 3.“Ecclesial Guidance” for Proper Understanding vs. individualistic mis-interpretations 4.“Literary Genres” are Diverse/Complex vs. modernist / historicist assumptions 5.“Historical-Critical” Exegesis is Essential vs. fundamentalist / literalist fallacies

25. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (1) The “BOTH / AND” Approach is Foundational: Applies to Theology in general, Scripture in particular Heads/Tails, Positive/Negative, North/South Examples from Theology: God is both transcendent and immanent Jesus is both fully human and fully divine The Eucharist is both a meal and a sacrifice Problems/Errors with One-Sided Over-emphases: Ex: Blind people touching different parts of an Elephant

26. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (1) The “BOTH / AND” Approach is Foundational: Bible is both the Word of God and authored by humans Bible contains both Old Testament and New Testament Bible is both studied academically and prayed liturgically Bible is used both individually and communally Bible has both literal and spiritual meanings (4-fold meaning) Caution: Read it literally (as literature of various types), but not literalistically (mere historical facts) See “BOTH/AND: The Essential Key to Catholic Theology” (FJ)BOTH/AND: The Essential Key to Catholic TheologyFJ

27. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (2) Incarnational Principle: God’s Self-Revelation “Revelation” = God’s “self-communication” in/to world In multiple stages: more and more explicit over time “Tradition” = “passing on” God’s revelation to future In multiple stages: gradually more explicit and established

28. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (2) Incarnational Theology is Core & Climax “Word of God” is not just a book (Bible), but Jesus! Jesus is the Pinnacle of God’s Self-Revelation to the World “God sent his only-begotten Son …” (John 3:16) Incarnation: “The Word became Flesh …” (John 1:14) Jesus of Nazareth = both Son of God and Son of Mary Word of God (God speaks, things happen; cf. Gen 1 ) Word made Flesh (God speaks in human languages) See New Testament Christology (FJ)New Testament ChristologyFJ

29. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (3) “Ecclesial” Guidance is Necessary Jesus, Disciples, Holy Spirit, Church: All came before the Bible was written and compiled! The Church (guided by the Holy Spirit) created the Bible, not only vice-versa! Church community helps us understand the texts: Homilies, Books, Courses, Bible Study, Scripture Sharing Groups, etc. Personal interpretation should not conflict with Church Tradition Popes and Bishops are the guarantors of the Church’s Tradition (assisted by theologians & exegetes)

30. Official Church Documents: Pope Pius XII: Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) Second Vatican Council: Dei Verbum (1965) Pontifical Biblical Commission: “Historical Truth of the Gospels” (1964) “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” (1993) Catechism of Catholic Church (1994; 2 nd ed. 1997) In section on “The Profession of Faith” (par. 51-141) [ Online versions of these and related documents - FJ]Online versions of these and related documentsFJ

31. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (4) Awareness of Literary Genres is Crucial: “GENRE”= category or type of literature (or art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content. Many publications contain multiple genres: Ex: Newspapers have news articles, editorials, comics, obituaries, sports results, financial reports, classified ads, movie reviews, etc. The Bible is not just one “book,” but a whole “library” It contains many different literary genres, not just “history” See “An Introduction to Literary Genres & Form Criticism” (FJ)An Introduction to Literary Genres & Form CriticismFJ

32. Hebrew Bible Genres Myths & Legends (Genesis, parts of Exodus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) Legal Codes (Leviticus, parts of Exodus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) Genealogies (parts of Genesis, much of Numbers) Annals (Josh, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, etc.) Prophetic Books (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc.) Psalms/Odes/Songs (Psalms) Prayers/Laments (Lamentations) Proverbs (Proverbs) Wisdom Literature (Job, Wisdom, etc.) Apocalypse (Daniel)

33. New Testament Genres Gospels (Mark, Matthew, Luke, John) Acts (Acts of the Apostles) Letters (esp. Paul's) Church Orders (1 Timothy, Titus) Testament (2 Timothy & 2 Peter) Homily/Sermon (Hebrews) Wisdom Collection (James) Epistles/Encyclicals (1 & 2 Peter) Apocalypse (Revelation to John) Many more sub-genres, esp. within the Gospels

34. What is “Truth”? There are different KINDS of “Truth”: Historical: Pearl Harbor was bombed on Dec. 7, 1941. Conventional: My name is Felix. Scientific: The earth revolves around the sun. Mathematical: 2 + 3 = 5 Theological: God is love. All of these are “true” – but not all are “historical” So, the whole Bible is true, but not all in the Bible is historical!

35. Literary Genres - Applications Did God create the whole world in only six days? What is the literary genre of Genesis 1? Was Jonah really in the belly of a whale for 3 days? What is the literary genre of the Book of Jonah? Was Daniel really thrown into a Lion’s Den? What is the literary genre of the Book of Daniel? Is the “Parable of the Vineyard Workers” really fair? What is the literary genre of Jesus’ parables?

36. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (5) Historical-Critical Exegesis is Essential: Ex-egesis = “leading out” (drawing the intended meaning out of the text) Vs. eis-egesis (putting your own pre-formed opinions into the text) “Critical” = asking analytical questions (not just “critiquing”) Consider multiple levels of both Content and Context : Historical / Literal Content & Spiritual / Theological Content Historical Context (surrounding world ) & Literary Context (surrounding text ) Openness to Development (historical, literary, theological) : Development from oral preaching/tradition to written texts/scriptures Growth in our understanding and application of texts over time

37. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (5) Results of Exegesis available to non-specialists: Study Bibles: Catholic Study Bible, New Jerusalem Bible, HarperCollins SB Bible Dictionaries: HarperCollins, Eerdmans, Anchor, Interpreter’s, etc. Bible Commentaries: One-Vol: New Jerome BC, HarperCollins, Collegeville, etc. Multi-Vol: Sacra Pagina, Anchor BC, many others

38. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (5) Biblical Exegesis shows Theological Developments, even within the Bible itself. For example: Polytheism (there are many gods, with different roles)  Henotheism (our God is better than all other gods)  Monotheism (there is one and only one true God)  Trinitarian Monotheism (one God is Father, Son, Spirit)

39. Principles of Catholic Interpretation (5) Biblical Exegesis also shows Moral Developments: Ancient Cultures: escalating retribution Strike back hard! If you kill one of us, we’ll kill ten of you! Hebrew Bible: limited retribution “Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life”? Exod 21:23-24; Lev 24:19-20; Deut 19:21 Literal meaning? Historical context? New Testament: NO retribution! Matt 5:38-48 – turn the other cheek, love your enemies… Literal meaning? Modern application?

40. Applications to “Difficult Texts” The Bible says, “There is no God!” At least three times! Ps 10:4; 14:1; 53:1 Literary context? Literal meaning?

41. Applications to “Difficult Texts” Does the Bible contradict itself? “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks…” (Isaiah 2:4; Micah 4:3) “Beat your plowshares into swords, and your pruning hooks into spears…” (Joel 3:10)

42. Applications to “Difficult Texts” Did Jesus have “Brothers & Sisters”? (Mark 6:3) Literal meaning? Historical context?

43. Applications to “Difficult Texts” “Pluck out your eyes, cut off your hands/feet?” (Matt 5:29-30 & 18:8-9) Literary genre / form / type? Literal meaning? Historical context?

44. Applications to “Difficult Texts” “Don’t call anyone on earth ‘father’ ”? (Matt 23:8) Literary genre / form / type? Literal meaning? Literary and Historical context?

45. Applications to “Difficult Texts” Should women wear veils in church? (1 Cor 11:4-10) Literal meaning? Historical context?

46. Applications to “Difficult Texts” Your Examples? Literal/original meaning? Spiritual/theological meaning? Literary genre/type? Historical context? Literary context? Canonical context?

47. Summary / Review 1.“Both / And” Approach to Christian Theology vs. one-sided over-emphasis or neglect 2.“Incarnational Theology” is Core (God’s Self-Revelation!) vs. bibliolatry, over-emphasis on Bible as text 3.“Ecclesial Guidance” for Proper Understanding vs. individualistic mis-interpretations 4.“Literary Genres” are Diverse/Complex vs. modernist / historicist assumptions 5.“Historical-Critical” Exegesis is Essential vs. fundamentalist / literalist fallacies

48. Catholic Teachings On Biblical Interpretation: Vatican II: Dei Verbum Fr. Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D. Loyola Institute for Spirituality, Orange, CA http://catholic-resources.org

49. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) “Preface” The WORD of GOD! Hearing it with Reverence; Proclaiming it with Faith Quotation of 1 John 1:2-3 In the footsteps of Trent and Vatican I Authentic doctrine on divine revelation “and how it is handed on” (Lat. transmissione) Hearing  Believe  Hope  Love

50. Ecumenical Councils & The Bible: Council of Trent (1545-63) – Session IV (4/8/46) Q: Biblical Canon & Authorized Translations? vs. Protestants who omitted books & made vernacular transl. First Vatican Council (1869-70) – Dei Filius Q: Relationship between Scripture & REASON? vs. both Fideists (faith alone) & Rationalists (reason alone) Second Vatican Council (1962-65) – Dei Verbum Q: Relationship between Scripture & TRADITION?

51. Council of Trent: Session IV (1546) First Conciliar List of the Canon of the Bible: 46 OT books (incl. 7+ “Deutero-canonicals”) 27 NT books (luckily, same as Protestants!) Official: Latin Vulgate! Norms for Translations: Done by Catholic scholars Approved by Bishop(s) Esp. Douay-Rheims

52. Vatican I (1869-70) – Dei Filius SCRIPTURE & REASON are COMPATIBLE: Vs. Rationalists (reason alone) Vs. Fideists (faith alone) BOTH/AND Approach! Heads & Tails Science & Religion Creation & Evolution Etc.

53. Vatican II (1962-65) Four Main “Constitutions” Sacrosanctum Concilium: Const. on the Sacred Liturgy Lumen Gentium: Dogmatic Const. on the Church Dei Verbum: Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Gaudium et Spes: Pastoral Const. on the Church in the Modern World

54. Vat II: Dei Verbum – very short! GS: Church in Mod. World (24,076) LG: Dogm. Church (17,489+912) AG: Mission Activity (9961) SC: Sacred Liturgy (8,066+182) PO: Ministry & Life of Priests (8112) AA: Apostolate of the Laity (7254) CD: Past. Office of Bishops (6216) UR: Ecumenism (4932+897) DV: Dogm. Divine Revelation (3,420) PC: Religious Life (3406) DH : Religious Freedom (3307) OT: Priestly Training (3118) OE: East. Rite Churches (1911+912) GE : Christian Education (2735) IM: Social Communications (2312) NA: Non-Christian Religions (1217)

55. Dei Verbum = “Word of God” (Vatican II, 1965) Preface (§1) 1) Revelation Itself (§§2-6) 2) Transmission of Divine Revelation (§§7-10) 3) Sacred Scripture, Its Divine Inspiration and Interpretation (§§11-13) 4) The Old Testament (§§14-16) 5) The New Testament (§§17-20) 6) Sacred Scripture in the Life of the Church (§§21-26)

56. Dei Verbum "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation" (Second Vatican Council - Nov. 18, 1965) Chapters: Preface (§1) 1) Revelation Itself (§§2-6) 2) The Transmission of Divine Revelation (§§7-10) 3) Sacred Scripture, Its Divine Inspiration and Interpretation (§§11-13) 4) The Old Testament (§§14-16) 5) The New Testament (§§17-20) 6) Sacred Scripture in the Life of the Church (§§21-26) Catechism of the Catholic Church The Profession of Faith: "I Believe" - "We Believe" (Part One, Section One, Chapter Two - §§ 51-141) Article 1: The Revelation of God (§§ 51-73) 1. God Reveals His "Plan of Loving Goodness" 2. The Stages of Revelation 3. Christ Jesus - "Mediator and Fullness of All Revelation" Article 2: The Transmission of Divine Revelation (§§ 74-100) 1. Apostolic Tradition 2. The Relationship between Tradition & Sacred Scripture 3. The Interpretation of the Heritage of Faith Article 3: Sacred Scripture (§§ 101-141) 1. Christ - The Unique Word of Sacred Scripture 2. Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture 3. The Holy Spirit, Interpreter of Scripture 4. The Canon of Scripture 5. Sacred Scripture in the Life of the Church FJ

57. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 1, Par. 2-6 “Revelation Itself” God reveals HIMSELF to us, in deeds & words Four Main Stages of GOD’s SELF-Revelation: 1) God’s Revelation through all of Creation 2) God’s Revelation to / through the Human Race 3) God’s Revelation to / through the Chosen People 4) God’s Revelation in / through Jesus of Nazareth Obedience of Faith  Understand Truth  Salvation

58. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 2, Par. 7-10 “Transmission of Divine Revelation” Stages in the TRANSMISSION of God’s Self-Revelation: 1) Historical Events (Jesus’ words & deeds) 2) Oral Traditions (apostles preach, hand on; Lat. traditio ) 3) Written Accounts (scriptures composed; Lat. scriptus ) 4) Biblical Collections gradually canonized, interpreted, translated, taught, preached, applied… Unity of Tradition & Scripture & Magisterium

59. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 3 “Sacred Scripture…” Sacred = holy, dedicated, “set apart” “Inspired” by God; religious purpose: goal of salvation Scripture = “writings” (esp. religious) Broader term than “Bible” (for Jews & Christians) Other religions have other “scriptures” Sacred Scripture = foundational religious documents Hebrew Bible = TaNaK, Old Testament Christian Bible = OT + NT

60. Scripture < Tradition < Revelation Not separate or opposed to each other Revelation  Tradition  Scripture Bible contains Rev., but not all Rev. is in the Bible ! Bible is “core” revelation; so no conflicts with other revs. We don’t need more “public” revs. (but “private” revs. OK) What is the “Word of God” ? Not just the Bible, but primarily Jesus himself ! Community (Church) preceded Scriptures (Bible)

62. Scripture Alone?

63. Scripture and Tradition?

64. Tradition and Scripture

65. Scripture vs. Tradition? Not really separate or next to each other: Scripture on one side? Tradition on the other? Rather, Scripture is a part of Tradition: “Tradition” existed before the Bible was written “Tradition” continued after the Bible was written The Bible is an important “Core” of Tradition Scripture & Tradition interact with each other

66. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 3, Par. 11-13 Biblical “Inspiration” Application of “BOTH / AND” Approach: Bible is both “Word of God” and written in human language God is the author and human writers were “true authors” Implications of “Human” Language: Limitations of all language; difficulties of translations Note literary forms; characteristic modes of expression “Inspired by the Holy Spirit” (not mere dictation) Purpose: Truth for the sake of our salvation Inspiration at multiple historical stages

67. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 4, Par. 14-16 “The Old Testament” 14: For Salvation of ALL, God chose a special people Covenant with Abraham Covenant, thru Moses, with people of Israel God speaks thru Prophets OT remains permanently valuable 15: Purpose of OT: to prepare for the coming of Christ OT books “contain some things which are incomplete and temporary” Divine Pedagogy: sense of God, teachings, wisdom, prayers, mystery 16: God is inspirer and author of BOTH Testaments NT is hidden in the OT; OT is made manifest in the NT

68. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 5, Par. 17-20 “The New Testament” 17: Word of God = Word made Flesh Jesus’ words and deeds; death, resurrection, ascension, Holy Spirit 18: Within Bible, the Gospels have a special preeminence Four Gospels are of “apostolic origin” Four-fold Gospel (sg.!), according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John 19: Historical Character of the Gospels Gospels “faithfully hand on what Jesus Christ… really did and taught” After Ascension, Apostles gain “clearer understanding” Evangelist’s Role: select, reduce, explain, preserve 20: NT Canon: Epistles of Paul & other Apostolic Writings Christ’s teachings are confirmed, more fully stated, preached, etc.

69. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 6, Par. 21-26 “Scripture in the Life of the Church” 21: Church venerates Scriptures just as she venerates the Lord’s body (!); she receives & offers “bread of life from the table both of God’s word & of Christ’s body” 22: Provide “easy access” thru translations: Greek LXX; Latin Vulgate; modern langs. 23: Deeper understanding; study; exegesis 24: Scripture is foundation for all theology, preaching, catechesis, etc. 25-26: All Christians must read, study, & pray scripture!

70. Dei Verbum (Vatican II) – Chap. 6, Par. 21-26 “Scripture in the Life of the Church” Communal / Liturgical: Esp. Eucharist; other sacraments, “Liturgy of the Hours” Preaching, Theology, Religious Ed, Group Prayer Lectionary for Mass: Three-year Sunday cycle: A: Matthew; B: Mark; C: Luke; ? John ? Individual: Study, Reading, Prayer, Meditation Lectio Divina

71. Official Catholic Documents: Pope Pius XII: Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) Vatican II: Dei Verbum (1965) Pontifical Biblical Commission: “Historical Truth of the Gospels” (1964) “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” (1993) Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994; 2 nd ed. 1997) In section on “The Profession of Faith” (par. 51-141) Synod of Bishops: “Word of God in Life/Mission of Church (2008) Benedict XVI, Post-Synodal Exhortation: Verbum Domini (2010) Online versions of these and related documents - FJ Online versions of these and related documentsFJ

72. DEI VERBUM: Summary / Review 1) GOD’s Self-REVELATION (in many ways) 2) TRADITION: Transmission of Divine Revelation 3) SCRIPTURE, Inspiration, Interpretation 4) The Old Testament 5) The New Testament 6) Scripture in the Life of the Church

73. LUNCH BREAK Enjoy your lunch! We will resume at 1:00 p.m.

74. Official Catholic Documents On Biblical Interpretation: PBC: “The Interpretation Of The Bible In The Church” Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D. http://catholic-resources.org

75. “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” Pontifical Biblical Commission, 1993 Preface Introduction I. Methods and Approaches for Interpretation II. Hermeneutical Questions III. Characteristics of Catholic Interpretation IV. Interpretation of the Bible in the Life of the Church Conclusion

76. “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” PBC, 1993 Part I – “Methods and Approaches for Interpretation” A) The Historical-Critical Method B) New Methods for Literary Analysis C) Approaches Based on Tradition D) Approaches That Use Human Sciences E) Contextual Approaches F) Fundamentalist Approach

77. Methods of Exegesis (in PBC-IBC) A) The Historical-Critical Method Composition Historical Questions Traditional Literary Criticism Comparison of Translations Textual Criticism Source Criticism Form Criticism Redaction Criticism Socio-Historical Criticism

78. Methods of Exegesis (in PBC-IBC) B) New Methods of Literary Analysis Rhetorical Analysis Narrative Analysis Semiotic Analysis C) Approaches Based on Tradition Canonical Approach Using Jewish Interpretative Traditions History of Interpretation (Wirkungsgeschichte)

79. Methods of Exegesis (in PBC-IBC) D) Approaches Using the Human Sciences Sociological Approach Cultural Anthropology Approach Psychological/Psychoanalytical Apps. E) Contextual Approaches Liberationist Approach Feminist Approach

80. Methods of Exegesis Question: Which of these Methods is the “Catholic” Approach? Answer: All of them, but none of them exclusively Each approach has advantages & benefits Each approach has drawbacks, esp. if used in isolation One Exception: The Fundamentalist Approach: But WHY?

81. F) Critique of Fundamentalism It’s not really an “exegetical method” but basically the rejection of any historical-critical exegesis Critique in PBC’s “Interp. of the Bible in the Church” surprisingly strong language: “intellectual suicide” Other critiques by U.S. Bishops USCCB, 1987 Mississippi & Alabama, 1989 For texts, see http://catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/http://catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/

82. Response to Fundamentalism Useless to argue about specific texts Fundamentalism has lots of seemingly easy answers Rather, address the foundational principles: Both/and approach, vs. fundamentalism’s one-sidedness Acceptance of mystery, ambiguity, complexity Basis in faith / trust in God (vs. desire for absolute “proof”) Or else, agree to disagree, but with mutual respect

83. Biblical Interpretation: Fundamentalism Vs. Scientific / Historical / Catholic Approaches to the Bible

84. Fundamentalist Biblical Interpretation Sola Scriptura – Bible is the sole authority Bible contains all we need for life Bible plainly says what it means, and means what it says Bible is inerrant: it contains no errors of any kind Bible authority remains valid for all time, for all people Bible prophecy is intended primarily for our own time Critique: Is “sola scriptura” a biblical doctrine? Where in the Bible itself does it say that all life, all religion, everything should be based only on the Bible?

85. Fundamentalism vs. Catholicism: Ronald D. Witherup, Biblical Fundamentalism (p. 47) Fundamentalist Perspective:Catholic Perspective: The Bible is the Word of GodThe Bible is God’s Word in human words Scripture alone Scripture and Tradition Emphasis on literalist reading of the Bible Emphasis on literal (not literalist) reading and deeper meanings Tends to view inspiration narrowly Tends to take a broad view of inspiration

86. Fundamentalism vs. Catholicism: Witherup, Biblical Fundamentalism (p. 47) – cont. Fundamentalist Perspective:Catholic Perspective: Inerrancy of the Bible in all matters No errors in the Bible only on matters of faith & morals Lack of historical perspective in interpretation Historical perspective is essential for interpretation Frequent interpretations out of context Need interpretations in context, esp. the context of the canon Direct & immediate applicability of most biblical passages Mostly indirect applicability of biblical passages

87. Fundamentalism vs. Catholicism: Witherup, Biblical Fundamentalism (p. 47) – cont. Fundamentalist Perspective:Catholic Perspective: Denies role of the Church in canonization of Scripture Recognizes role of Church in canonization process Tends to ignore history of interpretation History of interpretation is essential Narrow & precise prophetic eschatology, linked to a timeline Broad & imprecise eschatology not linked to a specific timeline Rejects scientific historical- critical methods of interpretation Accepts scientific historical- critical methods of interpretation (among others)

88. Caution: -isms vs. -ists Fundamental-ISM is not compatible with Catholicism Fundamentalism uses the Sola/Only/One-Sided Approach Catholicism stresses the Both/And Approach BUT: Fundamental-ISTS can still be good people! Not all Fundamentalists adopt strict Fundamentalism Just like not all Catholics embody Catholicism 100% Some Fundamentalists are quite “reasonable”

89. Responding to Fundamentalists Witherup, Biblical Fundamentalism (pp. 65-73) Some suggested DO’s and DON’Ts First the DO’s 1. DO educate yourself on the Bible 2. DO always read the Bible in context 3. DO recognize the limitations of talking with fundamentalists 4. DO capitalize on the Catholic tradition 5. DO encourage good preaching from the Bible 6. DO promote a good community spirit in your parish 7. DO become comfortable with expressing your faith in personal terms

90. Responding to Fundamentalists Witherup, Biblical Fundamentalism (pp. 65-73) DON’Ts 1. DO NOT succumb to the temptation to make apologetics the answer (i.e., not the main or only response) 2. DO NOT make your interpretation THE interpretation (i.e., not the one and only interpretation) 3. DO NOT ridicule fundamentalism 4. DO NOT take fundamentalism lightly 5. DO NOT give up hope

91. Session 4: Intro to Biblical Studies What is the BIBLE? “Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth”! Greek “Biblia” = “little books” or “scrolls” Read the Intro Chapters of Brown or Powell or Ralph and the Intros in your Study Bible

92. What is the Bible?  Not just one book, but a whole library! Greek biblia – “scrolls, books” (plural) Books not all same type, but different kinds/genres  Some Key Terms (see “Glossary of Important Terms”)Glossary of Important Terms Scripture Canon Bible Testament / Covenant scriptural / canonical / biblical non-scriptural / non-canonical / non-biblical

93. Wait! WHOSE Bible?  Many different versions, with different contents! Not just different editions or different translations  Jewish Bibles vs. Christian Bibles Jewish: ancient or modern? In Hebrew, or Greek, or English? from Masoretic Text (MT) or Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)? Christian: Orthodox vs. Catholic vs. Protestant Bibles?  New Testament – luckily, same 27 books for most (99%) Xns  Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testaments: Sadly, different versions for different groups! (see color handout)color handout Jewish? Catholic? Orthodox? Protestant? Different names, numbers, order, categories, texts…

94. Hebrew Bible / Jewish Scriptures  Hebrew Bible / Tanak (ancient & modern Jews) Three Main Sections: Torah = “Law”? “Teaching, Instruction” Nevi’im = “Prophets” Khetuvim = “Writings” Torah ca. 6 th Cent. BCE; Full Tanak ca. 1 st Cent. CE!  Septuagint (ancient Greek-speaking Jews outside Palestine) Greek Translation of H.B. plus more books! Begun 3 rd Cent. BCE; used widely by early Christians

95. Christian “Old Testament”  “Hebrew Bible” / “First Testament” / “Old Testament”? “Old” does NOT mean “bad, defunct, out-of-date”  Differences between HB & OT: Foundational texts are different:  Modern Jewish Bibles are based on the Hebrew Bible (HB or MT)Hebrew Bible  OT section of Christian Bibles are based on the Septuagint (LXX)Septuagint Total number of biblical books is different:  Jews count 24, Protestants 39, Catholics 46, Orthodox up to 53 Arrangement of the categories of books is different Names/Titles of some books are different Categorization of some books is different

96. Summary: HB vs. LXX vs. OT  Hebrew Bible (TaNaK – ca. 1000-400 BCE; canonized 90 CE ) 3 sections: T orah, N evi’im, K hetuvim (24 books)  Septuagint (LXX – compiled ca. 250-100 BCE ) Greek translation, rearrangement, and expansion of HB 4 sections: Law, History, Wisdom, Prophets “Deutero-canonical” books added: T.J. McWeb  Christian Old Testament (OT – as of 1 st Century AD ) Law/Pentateuch, Historical, Wisdom, Prophets Catholics follow Alexandrian Canon (46 books total) Protestants removed the “Apocrypha” (39 books left)

98. Christian “New Testament”  Christian Scriptures? Second Testament? Luckily the same 27 books for (almost) ALL Christians Written in last 1/3 of 1 st Century AD Individual writings, all in Greek, only later collected  Four Main Sections: Gospels (Synoptics & John) Acts of the Apostles Letters/Epistles Revelation/Apocalypse

99. New Testament Overview NT Content: 27 “books” (incl. many letters) All originally written in Greek Later translations: Latin, etc. Composition History: Jesus’ Life/Death/Resurr. (ca. 30) Apostolic Preaching: Oral Traditions Early Written Sources (30’s? 50’s?) Letters/Epistles (50’s – 110’s?) Full Gospels (late 60’s – 90’s?) Collections (1 st – 3 rd Cent.) Canonization (late 4 th Cent.)

100. NT Structure & Genres Four “Gospels” ( Euangelion, lit. “good news”) Canonical Order: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John (but Mark is oldest) One “Acts” of the Apostles Vol. 2 of Luke’s work (traveling companion of Paul?) Twenty-One “Letters” or “Epistles” “Pauline Letters” – attributed to Paul of Tarsus Named after Communities & Individuals TO WHOM written 7 “Undisputed” & 6 “Disputed” Hebrews – vaguely Pauline; not really a “letter” but a sermon “Catholic/General Epistles” – attribute to other apostles James; 1 Peter; 2 Peter; 1 John; 2 John; 3 John; Jude One “Apocalypse” = Book of Revelation (singular!)

101. Ancient Writing Materials Papyrus (reed plant) Cut in strips, flattened Less expensive, durable www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/papyrus.html Vellum / Parchment Animal skins, prepared More expensive, durable www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/parchment.html Other Materials: Stone, Clay, Wood, etc.

102. Ancient Writing Format Scroll Rolled, sealed on outside Written on one side only Papyrus or Vellum www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/roll.html Codex Sheets stacked, bound Written on both sides Papyrus or Vellum www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/codex.html

103. Ancient Scrolls Pompeii: Wall Painting Prior to AD 79 (when Pompeii was buried by lava from Mt. Vesuvius) Girl reading a scroll (a letter or short book). Seated woman with a scroll in her left hand.

104. Ancient Writing Ancient Wall Painting Woman holding a book and a writing stylus

105. Biblical Texts Pre-Constantine Era (1 st – 3 rd Cent.) Christians were poor, persecuted, minority NT texts: only few papyrus scraps survive Emperor Constantine Edict of Milan (312 C.E.) Imperial support of Christianity Construction of Churches Full Bible Codices on Vellum some survive from 4 th / 5 th Cent.: Codex Sinaiticus Codex Vaticanus Codex Alexandrinus, etc.

106. Writing Styles Manuscripts Lit. “hand-written” Majuscule (ALLCAPSNOSPACES) Minuscule (lower case, punctuation) Printing First: carved wood blocks Moveable type: ~1453 Johannes Gutenberg

107. P 52 - Oldest NT fragment Ca. 125 – 150 C.E. (now in John Rylands Library, Manchester) kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/greek/johnpap.html front: John 18:31-33back: John 18:37-38

108. P 75 Papyrus Bodmer XV Ca. 175 – 225 C.E. End of Luke & Start of John; both on same page! (so Luke/Acts separated)

109. P 46 Oldest manuscript of the Pauline letters. Originally part of the Chester Beatty Papyri Written ca. AD 200 Total of 104 pages, but several are now missing Included at least ten of the Pauline letters This image shows the text of 2 Cor 11:33–12:9

110. Bible Versions & Translations Ancient “Versions” (Languages) : Ancient “Versions” (Languages) : Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Syriac, etc. Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Syriac, etc. Modern Translations: Modern Translations: German, English, Spanish, etc. German, English, Spanish, etc. Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Ecumenical Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Ecumenical English Translations (sometimes also called “Versions”) : English Translations (sometimes also called “Versions”) : older: KJV, Douay-Rheims, etc. older: KJV, Douay-Rheims, etc. newer: JB, RSV, NEB, NAB, NIV, etc. newer: JB, RSV, NEB, NAB, NIV, etc. newest: NJB, NRSV, REV, NAB-rev, NIV-rev, etc. newest: NJB, NRSV, REV, NAB-rev, NIV-rev, etc.

111. Bible Formats & Editions Ancient Writing Materials & Formats: Ancient Writing Materials & Formats: Papyrus (plant) & Vellum (skins) Papyrus (plant) & Vellum (skins) Scroll (rolled) vs. Codex (bound) Scroll (rolled) vs. Codex (bound) Majuscule (ALL CAPS) vs. Minuscule (small letters) Majuscule (ALL CAPS) vs. Minuscule (small letters) Manuscripts (hand-written) vs. Print Editions (since 1453) Manuscripts (hand-written) vs. Print Editions (since 1453) Modern Editions & Publications: Modern Editions & Publications: Reader’s Editions: text only Reader’s Editions: text only Study Editions: intros, footnotes, maps, etc. Study Editions: intros, footnotes, maps, etc. Same translation might be used in different editions Same translation might be used in different editions

112. Manuscripts vs. Print Editions Manuscripts = “written by hand” (ancient or modern) Manuscripts = “written by hand” (ancient or modern) Copying introduces differences (intentional or accidental) Copying introduces differences (intentional or accidental) Many small differences in spelling, grammar, word choice Many small differences in spelling, grammar, word choice Some large differences in content, placement, omission of whole books! Some large differences in content, placement, omission of whole books! Printing invented in 1540’s (Gutenberg Bible) – standardization Printing invented in 1540’s (Gutenberg Bible) – standardization We have no original MSS, only “copies of copies” We have no original MSS, only “copies of copies” First MSS written long after events; surviving copies even later First MSS written long after events; surviving copies even later Oldest HB texts before 1940’s: "Masoretic text" (9 th -10 th CE) Oldest HB texts before 1940’s: "Masoretic text" (9 th -10 th CE) HB books in DSS (discovered 1940’s): written in/before 1 st Cent. CE HB books in DSS (discovered 1940’s): written in/before 1 st Cent. CE Oldest NT texts: a few fragments from 2 nd -3 rd Cent. CE Oldest NT texts: a few fragments from 2 nd -3 rd Cent. CE Whole NT Manuscripts from 4 th - 5 th Cent. CE Whole NT Manuscripts from 4 th - 5 th Cent. CE “Textual Criticism” tries to determine best/original readings “Textual Criticism” tries to determine best/original readings

113. Why So Many Translations? No original manuscript of any biblical book has survived! No original manuscript of any biblical book has survived! Extant manuscripts contain numerous textual variations! Extant manuscripts contain numerous textual variations! Important old manuscripts were found in last 200 years! Important old manuscripts were found in last 200 years! Meanings of some biblical texts are unknown/uncertain! Meanings of some biblical texts are unknown/uncertain! Ancient languages are very different from modern ones! Ancient languages are very different from modern ones! Every "translation" is already an "interpretation"! Every "translation" is already an "interpretation"! All living languages continually change & develop over time! All living languages continually change & develop over time! Cultural developments require new sensitivities in language! Cultural developments require new sensitivities in language! (See English Translations for more detail) (See English Translations for more detail)English TranslationsEnglish Translations

114. Two Main Types of Translation “Formal Correspondence” Translations “Formal Correspondence” Translations Preserve original wording & word-order of Hebrew & Greek Preserve original wording & word-order of Hebrew & Greek Require explanations (footnotes) to avoid misinterpretations Require explanations (footnotes) to avoid misinterpretations Good for in-depth academic study of the Bible Good for in-depth academic study of the Bible Difficult to understand when heard or read aloud Difficult to understand when heard or read aloud Ex: Douay-Rheims, KJV/NKJV, RSV/NRSV, NAB, NIV Ex: Douay-Rheims, KJV/NKJV, RSV/NRSV, NAB, NIV “Dynamic Equivalence” Translations “Dynamic Equivalence” Translations Focus on meaning & ideas, not “word for word” translation Focus on meaning & ideas, not “word for word” translation better for public proclamation or liturgical use better for public proclamation or liturgical use Ex: NEB/REB, TEV/CEV, JB/NJB Ex: NEB/REB, TEV/CEV, JB/NJB

115. Alternative Versions “Biblical Paraphrases” “Biblical Paraphrases” Not accurate translations (don’t even claim to be) Not accurate translations (don’t even claim to be) Often intended for children or teenagers Often intended for children or teenagers Condense and/or omit much of the biblical material Condense and/or omit much of the biblical material Freely change the wording of the original texts Freely change the wording of the original texts “Amplified Bible” “Amplified Bible” “Amplifies” the text, adding many extra words & phrases to explain the meaning (but whose opinion?) “Amplifies” the text, adding many extra words & phrases to explain the meaning (but whose opinion?) Avoid either of these for Bible Study purposes Avoid either of these for Bible Study purposes

116. Which Is the Best Translation? Over 500 different translations in English today! Over 500 different translations in English today! More and more produced each decade More and more produced each decade No “Perfect” or “Best” Translation Exists! No “Perfect” or “Best” Translation Exists! But some are better than others, for various purposes But some are better than others, for various purposes More Recent Ones are Usually Better: More Recent Ones are Usually Better: Based on best/oldest manuscripts discovered in past 50-150 years Based on best/oldest manuscripts discovered in past 50-150 years New insights from biblical scholarship New insights from biblical scholarship So avoid KJV or Douay-Rheims ! So avoid KJV or Douay-Rheims ! Which translation do you have? Which translation do you have?

117. Translations vs. Editions? Bible Translation (or Version) Bible Translation (or Version) An interpretation of the meaning of the Bible from its original languages into another (modern) language An interpretation of the meaning of the Bible from its original languages into another (modern) language Ex: King James Version (KJV), New English Bible (NEB), New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Jerusalem Bible (JB), New American Bible (NAB), etc. Ex: King James Version (KJV), New English Bible (NEB), New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Jerusalem Bible (JB), New American Bible (NAB), etc. Reader’s Edition – translation printed w/ little extra material Reader’s Edition – translation printed w/ little extra material Study Edition or Study Bible Study Edition or Study Bible Printing of a certain translation by a particular publisher, with added introductions, study helps, commentary, references, etc. Printing of a certain translation by a particular publisher, with added introductions, study helps, commentary, references, etc. Ex: “The Catholic Study Bible: New American Bible”; “New Oxford Annotated Bible: NRSV with the Apocrypha” Ex: “The Catholic Study Bible: New American Bible”; “New Oxford Annotated Bible: NRSV with the Apocrypha”

118. What’s the Point? What Is the Bible? That’s a complex question! What Is the Bible? That’s a complex question! Whose Bible? Different versions (Jewish, Prot, Cath) Whose Bible? Different versions (Jewish, Prot, Cath) Different contents, based on different manuscripts. Different contents, based on different manuscripts. Different translations, due to many factors. Different translations, due to many factors. Not All Bibles Are Equal ! Not All Bibles Are Equal ! Newer translations are often better than older ones. Newer translations are often better than older ones. Study editions provide helpful tools for learning. Study editions provide helpful tools for learning. Which Bible should you use for LEMP? Which Bible should you use for LEMP? Your choice; there’s no “best” or “required” version. Your choice; there’s no “best” or “required” version. But a “Catholic edition” or “…with Apocrypha” But a “Catholic edition” or “…with Apocrypha”

119. Resources for Biblical Study See the Basic Bibliography (handout or online) for detailsBasic Bibliography Study Bibles (with good intros, notes, maps, etc.) Bible Dictionaries (alphabetical order of entries) Bible Commentaries (canonical order of books) Bible Atlases Bible Concordances Other Resources

120. Use of Bible in Liturgy & Prayer Lectionary Readings: Catholic: Lectionary for Mass Protestant: Revised Common Lectionary See the Roman Catholic Lectionary websiteRoman Catholic Lectionary Personal Prayer & Study: Lectio Divina Reading the Bible Daily Small Group Bible Study

121. Biblical References: Caution! Book Names & Abbreviations Ex vs. Ez vs. Ezr Hb vs. Heb Jon vs. Jn Phil vs. Phlm Ti vs. Tim Jn 1 vs. 1 Jn 1 Cor vs. Cor 1 ? Chapter & Verse Numbers John 9:12 John 9, 12 John 9:1, 12 John 9:1-12 John 9:1; 12:36 John 9:1-12, 36 John 9:1—12:36

122. Assignments for Next Month: Writing Assignment (see Tan HO) : One-page paper: Dei Verbum & Fundamentalism Reading Assignments (see Peach HO: Syllabus) NT Intro Chapters & Gospel according to MARK (intros & text) Certif. Students: Brown or Powell (and Ralph?) Enrich. Students: Ralph (and/or Brown or Powell)

123. Closing Prayer (back of Gray HO)

124. Go in Peace! Next Session: Sept. 17, 2016 Writing Assignment: One-page paper: Dei Verbum & Fundamentalism Reading Assignments: NT Intro Materials & Gospel according to MARK