1. Plagiarism and Referencing

2. Warmer In groups, discuss: What is plagiarism? What is plagiarism? How can you avoid plagiarism? How can you avoid plagiarism? Why is it serious? Why is it serious?

3. What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person’s work/ideas as your own Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person’s work/ideas as your own It is ‘stealing’ someone’s ideas, someone else’s work It is ‘stealing’ someone’s ideas, someone else’s work Plagiarism can be accidental or intentional Plagiarism can be accidental or intentional

4. Student Handbook Read the King’s College statement on plagiarism and related forms of cheating (p32) and answer these questions below: 1.What happens if you plagiarise? There is a penalty, ranging from a mark of zero to expulsion. 2. What should you do with a direct quotation? Place it inside quotation marks with a full reference.

5. 3. What should you be careful about when working in a group? Plagiarism / collusion / unacknowledged collaboration. 4. What should you do if you are unclear regarding the presentation of work and referencing? Consult School and department guidance. 5. What do you attach to submitted work? A statement declaring you understand the College statement on plagiarism.

6. Ways to avoid plagiarism Read the relevant section, noting the key points and main ideas Summarize in your own words the single main idea of the source Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. Quote directly using quotation marks “ ” Cite correctly throughout

7. Matching Activity Citations, quotation, full references, paraphrase, summarise. These are key words. Check you understand them with this matching activity. Match the key words with the relevant example. Work with partner.

8. Citations  These appear in the text when you use information to support your ideas.

9. References This is a complete list of publication details about the citations you have used. It usually appears at the end of an essay. This is a complete list of publication details about the citations you have used. It usually appears at the end of an essay.

10. Your writing should include… ‘Building block’ ideas taken from other sources. ‘Building block’ ideas taken from other sources. Your own new ideas or conclusions. Your own new ideas or conclusions. It is very important that you show your teachers very clearly which ideas are your own, and which ideas are ‘building blocks’ from other sources. You can do this by giving citations and references for the building block sources which you use. UNC Writing Center http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/plagiarism.html

11. Paraphrasing  Putting sentences from source material into your own words.  Paraphrases must include a citation for the original author.

12. 3 ways to paraphase Change the vocabulary Change the vocabulary Change the sentence structure (e.g. active to passive) Change the sentence structure (e.g. active to passive) Change the word form: change from a noun phrase to a verb phrase. E.g. ‘The completion of the reports’ to ‘Completing the reports.’ Change the word form: change from a noun phrase to a verb phrase. E.g. ‘The completion of the reports’ to ‘Completing the reports.’ These methods should be combined. One is not enough to avoid plagiarism. These methods should be combined. One is not enough to avoid plagiarism.

13. Paraphrasing Task Look at the Abstract of the research report ‘Insight into weak enforcement of intellectual property rights in China’. Look at the Abstract of the research report ‘Insight into weak enforcement of intellectual property rights in China’. Paraphrase the first sentence, using at least two of the paraphrasing methods. It might be easier to paraphrase by dividing the sentence into two sentences if you wish. Paraphrase the first sentence, using at least two of the paraphrasing methods. It might be easier to paraphrase by dividing the sentence into two sentences if you wish.

14. Example paraphrase Qing’s (2014) research uses both theory taken from a variety of institutions and a review of literature to illustrate how intellectual property rights (IPRs) are weakly enforced in China. The institutions included span areas covering law, the economy, politics, society and culture.

15. Summarising  Put the main ideas into your own words  Include only the main points.  Give a citation to show where this ‘building block’ idea came from.  Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and give a general overview of the source material.

16. Task Summarise the abstract in no more than 25 words. Summarise the abstract in no more than 25 words.

17. Example Summary  Proper enforcement of IPRs will depend on significant changes in policy by institutions in China (Qing 2014).

18. Quoting Must be identical to the original, using a short extract of the source. Remember to use “quotation marks” Must give a citation for the original author e.g. Source text – Leoni, J. (1955) On Architecture. London: Alec Tirani, Ltd. Extract (from p.14) - all columns rest on a plinth (or dye), which supports a base, which supports the column, which is topped by a capital Quote in your essay – According to Leoni the column is always “topped by a capital” (1955, p.14).

19.  Example direct quote: "English as a Second Language and English as a Foreign Language are used interchangeably by many teachers, despite the obvious distinction" (Brown, 2007, p. 55).  Example paraphrasing: Many teachers use the term ESL, and EFL to mean the same thing, even though they are quite different (Brown, 2007).

20. Task Quote from the Abstract.

21. Example Quote But some experts believe that “Only by changing the whole IP institutional environment over time will IPRs be well enforced” (Qing 2014:40). But some experts believe that “Only by changing the whole IP institutional environment over time will IPRs be well enforced” (Qing 2014:40).

22. Citations When do we need citations? When do we need citations? Brainstorm with your group Brainstorm with your group

23. What about “common knowledge”? Professionals in academic fields use ‘common knowledge’. You are not a professional yet. To decide if the material you want to use is “common knowledge”, ask yourself these questions: 1. Did I know this information before I took my course? 2. Did this information/ idea come from my own brain? If the answer is ‘no’, then you must give citations!

24. Using Citations Citations are necessary to support your writing. There are several common reasons for including citations in a text: 1. Background 2. Support 3. Disagreement 4. Supporting disagreement

25. Text How many citations are used by Qing in the first paragraph of the introduction? How many citations are used by Qing in the first paragraph of the introduction? Is the Harvard Referencing System used as a citation style? Is the Harvard Referencing System used as a citation style?

26. 1. Background citations This includes: 1. Definitions and explanations 2. Historical references (e.g. in the literature review)

27. 2. Support This includes: 1. Citations directly supporting the main idea of your essay 2. Citations that support a point you are making in your paragraph

28. 3. Disagreement This includes: Citations from works that you disagree with, either partly or completely. This may be work by writers whose main idea is opposite to your own. It is necessary to include these in your own writing to show that you have a balanced view of the subject you are writing about.

29. 4. Supporting disagreement If you include a citation for a source that you disagree with, you must also find citations from other writers to support your disagreement. You do this in order to: 1.Show that your opinion is reasonable and supported by other people 2.Attempt to prove that your own point is stronger than the one you disagree with